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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
World Health Organization, 2000. African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, Nigeria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2004. Scaling up Home-Based Management of Malaria: From Research to Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Hanson K, Goodman C, Lines J, Meek S, Bradley D, Mills A, 2004. The Economics of Malaria Control Interventions. Geneva: Global Forum for Health Research.
-
4
Onwujekwe O, Ojukwu J, Uzochukwu B, Dike N, Shu E, 2005. Where do people from different socio-economic groups receive diagnosis and treatment for malaria in southeast Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99 :473–481.
-
5
Federal Ministry of Health, 2004. Strategic Plan for Rolling Back Malaria in Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.
-
6
Friedman I, 2002. Community based health workers. Available at: http://www.hst.org.za/uploads/files/chapter9.pdf. Accessed October 5, 2004.
-
7
Winch PJ, Gilroy KE, Wolfheim C, Starbuck ES, Young MW, Walker LD, Black RE, 2005. Intervention models for the management of children with signs of pneumonia or malaria by community health workers. Health Policy Plan 20 :199–212.
-
8
Onwujekwe OE, Akahara C, Uzochukwu BSC, Shu EN, 2003. Should we really be promoting home or community-based malaria treatment? Insights from a study in Southeast Nigeria on the treatment of child-hood malaria. J Coll Med 8 :20–22.
-
9
Ruebush TK, Zeissig R, Koplan JP, Klein RE, Godoy HA, 1994. Community participation in malaria surveillance and treatment. III. An evaluation of modifications in the volunteer collaborator network of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :85–98.
-
10
Bloland PB, Ettling M, 1999. Review: Making malaria-treatment policy in the face of drug resistance. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :5–23.
-
11
Umar US, Olumide EA, Brieger WB, 2002. Morbidity in rural southwestern Nigeria: a one year follow-up of voluntary health worker consultations in Idere, Oyo State, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci 31 :297–300.
-
12
Kidane G, Morrow RH, 2000. Teaching mothers to provide home treatment of malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia: a randomized trial. Lancet 356 :550–555.
-
13
Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, Bradley AK, Snow RW, Byass P, Hayes RJ, N’Jie AB, 1998. Comparison of two strategies for control of malaria within a primary health care programme in the Gambia. Lancet 1 :1121–1127.
-
14
Spencer HC, Kaseje DC, Mosley WH, Sempebwa EK, Huong AY, Roberts JM, 1987. Impact on mortality and fertility of a community-based malaria control programme in Saradidi, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81 (Suppl 1):36–45.
-
15
Okeibunor JC, Abiose A, Onwujekwe O, Mohamed NA, Adek-eye O, Ogungbemi MK, Amazigo UV, 2005. Rapid monitoring of ivermectin treatment: will school-based surveys provide the answer? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99 :771.
-
16
Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K, 2005. Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health 10 :1047–1059.
-
17
Klose T, 1999. The contingent valuation method in health care. Health Policy (New York) 47 :97–123.
-
18
Mitchell RC, Carson RT, 1989. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Washington DC: Resources for the Future.
-
19
Malaria and Vectors Control Unit, 2000. Prevalence of Malaria Mobidity and Mortality in Enugu State, 1995 to 1999. Enugu, Nigeria: Malaria and Vectors Control Unit. Ministry of Health.
-
20
Onwujekwe OE, 2004. Criterion and content validity of a novel structured haggling contingent valuation question format versus the bidding game and binary with follow-up questions. Soc Sci Med 58 :525–537.
-
21
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data or tears: an application to educational enrolments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
22
Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu BSC, 2005. Socio-economic and geographic differentials in costs and payment strategies for primary health care services in Southeast Nigeria. Health Policy (New York) 71 :383–397.
-
23
Akin JS, Hutchinson P, 1999. Health-care facility choice and the phenomenon of by-passing. Health Policy Plan 14 :135–151.
-
24
Erhun WO, Osagie A, 2004. Management of malaria by medicine retailers in a Nigerian urban community. J Health Popul Dev Countries. Available at: http://www.jhpdc.unc.edu.
-
25
Biritwum RB, Welbeck J, Barnish G, 2000. Incidence and management of malaria in two communities of different socioeconomic level, in Accra, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :771–778.
-
26
Schellenberg JA, Victora CG, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Mshinda H, Bryce J, 2003. Inequities among the very poor: health care for children in rural Tanzania. Lancet 361 :561–566.
-
27
Carrin G, 1987. Community financing of drugs in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Health Plann Manage 2 :125–145.
-
28
Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu B, Shu E, Ibeh C, Okonkwo P, 2004. Is combination therapy for malaria based on user-fees worthwhile and equitable to consumers? Assessment of costs and willingness to pay in Southeast Nigeria. Acta Trop 91 :101–115.
-
29
Wiseman VL, Onwujekwe O, Mutabingwa T, Whitty C, 2005. Differences in willingness to pay for amodiaquine+artesunate, amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimathamine, artemether-lumefantrine or monotherapy: experiences from Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 83 :845–852.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 87 | 30 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 108 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 9 | 0 |
Inequities in Valuation of Benefits, Choice of Drugs, and Mode of Payment for Malaria Treatment Services Provided by Community Health Workers in Nigeria
Obinna Onwujekwe
Obinna Onwujekwe
Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Policy Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki; Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
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Juliana Ojukwu
Juliana Ojukwu
Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Policy Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki; Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
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Elvis Shu
Elvis Shu
Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Policy Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki; Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
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Benjamin Uzochukwu
Benjamin Uzochukwu
Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Policy Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki; Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
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This study determined inequities of using community health workers (CHWs) for timely and appropriate treatment of malaria in terms of: 1) valuation of benefits; 2) actual purchase of drugs; and 3) payment modality in southeast Nigeria. Socioeconomic status (SES) influenced the valuation of benefits. Also, the poorest households consumed more of the cheaper drug and less of the more expensive drug (P < 0.05). The least poor households mostly paid in full, whereas the poorest households paid mostly through installments (P < 0.05). The use of CHWs improved overall geographic but not socioeconomic equity to the drugs. Hence, interventions for timely and appropriate treatment of malaria should be accompanied by drug delivery and payment strategies that would ensure SES equity in consumption of appropriate malaria treatment services.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 2000. African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, Nigeria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2004. Scaling up Home-Based Management of Malaria: From Research to Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Hanson K, Goodman C, Lines J, Meek S, Bradley D, Mills A, 2004. The Economics of Malaria Control Interventions. Geneva: Global Forum for Health Research.
-
4
Onwujekwe O, Ojukwu J, Uzochukwu B, Dike N, Shu E, 2005. Where do people from different socio-economic groups receive diagnosis and treatment for malaria in southeast Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99 :473–481.
-
5
Federal Ministry of Health, 2004. Strategic Plan for Rolling Back Malaria in Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.
-
6
Friedman I, 2002. Community based health workers. Available at: http://www.hst.org.za/uploads/files/chapter9.pdf. Accessed October 5, 2004.
-
7
Winch PJ, Gilroy KE, Wolfheim C, Starbuck ES, Young MW, Walker LD, Black RE, 2005. Intervention models for the management of children with signs of pneumonia or malaria by community health workers. Health Policy Plan 20 :199–212.
-
8
Onwujekwe OE, Akahara C, Uzochukwu BSC, Shu EN, 2003. Should we really be promoting home or community-based malaria treatment? Insights from a study in Southeast Nigeria on the treatment of child-hood malaria. J Coll Med 8 :20–22.
-
9
Ruebush TK, Zeissig R, Koplan JP, Klein RE, Godoy HA, 1994. Community participation in malaria surveillance and treatment. III. An evaluation of modifications in the volunteer collaborator network of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :85–98.
-
10
Bloland PB, Ettling M, 1999. Review: Making malaria-treatment policy in the face of drug resistance. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :5–23.
-
11
Umar US, Olumide EA, Brieger WB, 2002. Morbidity in rural southwestern Nigeria: a one year follow-up of voluntary health worker consultations in Idere, Oyo State, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci 31 :297–300.
-
12
Kidane G, Morrow RH, 2000. Teaching mothers to provide home treatment of malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia: a randomized trial. Lancet 356 :550–555.
-
13
Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, Bradley AK, Snow RW, Byass P, Hayes RJ, N’Jie AB, 1998. Comparison of two strategies for control of malaria within a primary health care programme in the Gambia. Lancet 1 :1121–1127.
-
14
Spencer HC, Kaseje DC, Mosley WH, Sempebwa EK, Huong AY, Roberts JM, 1987. Impact on mortality and fertility of a community-based malaria control programme in Saradidi, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81 (Suppl 1):36–45.
-
15
Okeibunor JC, Abiose A, Onwujekwe O, Mohamed NA, Adek-eye O, Ogungbemi MK, Amazigo UV, 2005. Rapid monitoring of ivermectin treatment: will school-based surveys provide the answer? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99 :771.
-
16
Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K, 2005. Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health 10 :1047–1059.
-
17
Klose T, 1999. The contingent valuation method in health care. Health Policy (New York) 47 :97–123.
-
18
Mitchell RC, Carson RT, 1989. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Washington DC: Resources for the Future.
-
19
Malaria and Vectors Control Unit, 2000. Prevalence of Malaria Mobidity and Mortality in Enugu State, 1995 to 1999. Enugu, Nigeria: Malaria and Vectors Control Unit. Ministry of Health.
-
20
Onwujekwe OE, 2004. Criterion and content validity of a novel structured haggling contingent valuation question format versus the bidding game and binary with follow-up questions. Soc Sci Med 58 :525–537.
-
21
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data or tears: an application to educational enrolments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
22
Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu BSC, 2005. Socio-economic and geographic differentials in costs and payment strategies for primary health care services in Southeast Nigeria. Health Policy (New York) 71 :383–397.
-
23
Akin JS, Hutchinson P, 1999. Health-care facility choice and the phenomenon of by-passing. Health Policy Plan 14 :135–151.
-
24
Erhun WO, Osagie A, 2004. Management of malaria by medicine retailers in a Nigerian urban community. J Health Popul Dev Countries. Available at: http://www.jhpdc.unc.edu.
-
25
Biritwum RB, Welbeck J, Barnish G, 2000. Incidence and management of malaria in two communities of different socioeconomic level, in Accra, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :771–778.
-
26
Schellenberg JA, Victora CG, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Mshinda H, Bryce J, 2003. Inequities among the very poor: health care for children in rural Tanzania. Lancet 361 :561–566.
-
27
Carrin G, 1987. Community financing of drugs in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Health Plann Manage 2 :125–145.
-
28
Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu B, Shu E, Ibeh C, Okonkwo P, 2004. Is combination therapy for malaria based on user-fees worthwhile and equitable to consumers? Assessment of costs and willingness to pay in Southeast Nigeria. Acta Trop 91 :101–115.
-
29
Wiseman VL, Onwujekwe O, Mutabingwa T, Whitty C, 2005. Differences in willingness to pay for amodiaquine+artesunate, amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimathamine, artemether-lumefantrine or monotherapy: experiences from Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 83 :845–852.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 87 | 30 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 108 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 9 | 0 |