Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N, 1978. A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 58 :169–176.
WHO, 2006. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81 :71–80.
Kanmogne GD, Asonganyi T, Gibson WC, 1996. Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, in serologically positive but aparasitaemic sleeping-sickness suspects in Cameroon, by PCR. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :475–483.
Penchenier L, Simo G, Grebaut P, Nkinin S, Laveissiere C, Herder S, 2000. Diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis, due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in central Africa, by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :392–394.
Koffi M, Solano P, Denizot M, Courtin D, Garcia A, Lejon V, Buscher P, Cuny G, Jamonneau V, 2006. Aparasitemic serological suspects in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: a potential human reservoir of parasites? Acta Trop 98 :183–188.
Clausen PH, Wiemann A, Patzelt R, Kakaire D, Poetzsch C, Peregrine A, Mehlitz D, 1998. Use of a PCR assay for the specific and sensitive detection of Trypanosoma spp. in naturally infected dairy cattle in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda. Ann NY Acad Sci 849 :21–31.
Odiit M, Coleman PG, Liu WC, McDermott JJ, Fevre EM, Welburn SC, Woolhouse ME, 2005. Quantifying the level of under-detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness cases. Trop Med Int Health 10 :840–849.
Truc P, Bailey JW, Doua F, Laveissiere C, Godfrey DG, 1994. A comparison of parasitological methods for the diagnosis of Gambian trypanosomiasis in an area of low endemicity in Cote d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :419–421.
Jamonneau V, Barnabe C, Koffi M, Sane B, Cuny G, Solano P, 2003. Identification of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in a sleeping sickness focus in Cote d’Ivoire: assessment of genotype selection by the isolation method. Infect Genet Evol 3 :143–149.
Lasken RS, Egholm M, 2003. Whole genome amplification: abundant supplies of DNA from precious samples or clinical specimens. Trends Biotechnol 21 :531–535.
Dean FB, Hosono S, Fang L, Wu X, Faruqi AF, Bray-Ward P, Sun Z, Zong Q, Du Y, Du J, Driscoll M, Song W, Kingsmore SF, Egholm M, Lasken RS, 2002. Comprehensive human genome amplification using multiple displacement amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 :5261–5266.
Jiang Z, Zhang X, Deka R, Jin L, 2005. Genome amplification of single sperm using multiple displacement amplification. Nucleic Acids Res 33 :e91.
Esteban JA, Salas M, Blanco L, 1993. Fidelity of phi 29 DNA polymerase. Comparison between protein-primed initiation and DNA polymerization. J Biol Chem 268 :2719–2726.
Handyside AH, Robinson MD, Simpson RJ, Omar MB, Shaw MA, Grudzinskas JG, Rutherford A, 2004. Isothermal whole genome amplification from single and small numbers of cells: a new era for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of inherited disease. Mol Hum Reprod 10 :767–772.
Bergen AW, Qi Y, Haque KA, Welch RA, Chanock SJ, 2005. Effects of DNA mass on multiple displacement whole genome amplification and genotyping performance. BMC Biotechnol 5 :24.
Njiru ZK, Constantine CC, Guya S, Crowther J, Kiragu JM, Thompson RC, Davila AM, 2005. The use of ITS1 rDNA PCR in detecting pathogenic African trypanosomes. Parasitol Res 95 :186–192.
Cox A, Tilley A, McOdimba F, Fyfe J, Eisler M, Hide G, Welburn S, 2005. A PCR based assay for detection and differentiation of African trypanosome species in blood. Exp Parasitol 111 :24–29.
Masiga DK, Smyth AJ, Hayes P, Bromidge TJ, Gibson WC, 1992. Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. Int J Parasitol 22 :909–918.
MacLeod A, Tweedie A, McLellan S, Taylor S, Hall N, Berriman M, El-Sayed NM, Hope M, Turner CM, Tait A, 2005. The genetic map and comparative analysis with the physical map of Trypanosoma brucei.Nucleic Acids Res 33 :6688–6693.
Woo PT, 1970. The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop 27 :384–386.
Al-Soud WA, Radstrom P, 2001. Purification and characterization of PCR-inhibitory components in blood cells. J Clin Microbiol 39 :485–493.
Lovmar L, Syvanen AC, 2006. Multiple displacement amplification to create a long-lasting source of DNA for genetic studies. Hum Mutat 27 :603–614.
Wickstead B, Ersfeld K, Gull K, 2004. The small chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei involved in antigenic variation are constructed around repetitive palindromes. Genome Res 14 :1014–1024.
Desquesnes M, Davila AM, 2002. Applications of PCR-based tools for detection and identification of animal trypanosomes: a review and perspectives. Vet Parasitol 109 :213–231.
Welburn SC, Picozzi K, Fevre EM, Coleman PG, Odiit M, Carrington M, Maudlin I, 2001. Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Uganda by means of serum-resistance-associated (SRA) gene. Lancet 358 :2017–2019.
Radwanska M, Claes F, Magez S, Magnus E, Perez-Morga D, Pays E, Buscher P, 2002. Novel primer sequences for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :289–295.
Picozzi K, Fevre EM, Odiit M, Carrington M, Eisler MC, Maudlin I, Welburn SC, 2005. Sleeping sickness in Uganda: a thin line between two fatal diseases. BMJ 331 :1238–1241.
MacLeod A, Tait A, Turner CM, 2001. The population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei and the origin of human infectivity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356 :1035–1044.
Jamonneau V, Garcia A, Frezil JL, N’Guessan P, N’Dri L, Sanon R, Laveissiere C, Truc P, 2000. Clinical and biological evolution of human trypanosomiasis in Cote d’Ivoire. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :831–835.
Jamonneau V, Garcia A, Ravel S, Cuny G, Oury B, Solano P, N’Guessan P, N’Dri L, Sanon R, Frezil JL, Truc P, 2002. Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and clinical evolution of human African trypanosomiasis in Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 7 :610–621.
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Whole genome amplification methods are a recently developed tool for amplifying DNA from limited template. We report its application in trypanosome infections, characterized by low parasitemias. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) amplifies DNA with a simple in vitro step and was evaluated on mouse blood samples on FTA filter cards with known numbers of Trypanosoma brucei parasites. The data showed a 20-fold increase in the number of PCRs possible per sample, using primers diagnostic for the multicopy ribosomal ITS region or 177-bp repeats, and a 20-fold increase in sensitivity over nested PCR against a single-copy microsatellite. Using MDA for microsatellite genotyping caused allele dropout at low DNA concentrations, which was overcome by pooling multiple MDA reactions. The validity of using MDA was established with samples from Human African Trypanosomiasis patients. The use of MDA allows maximal use of finite DNA samples and may prove a valuable tool in studies where multiple reactions are necessary, such as population genetic analyses.
Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N, 1978. A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 58 :169–176.
WHO, 2006. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81 :71–80.
Kanmogne GD, Asonganyi T, Gibson WC, 1996. Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, in serologically positive but aparasitaemic sleeping-sickness suspects in Cameroon, by PCR. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :475–483.
Penchenier L, Simo G, Grebaut P, Nkinin S, Laveissiere C, Herder S, 2000. Diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis, due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in central Africa, by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :392–394.
Koffi M, Solano P, Denizot M, Courtin D, Garcia A, Lejon V, Buscher P, Cuny G, Jamonneau V, 2006. Aparasitemic serological suspects in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: a potential human reservoir of parasites? Acta Trop 98 :183–188.
Clausen PH, Wiemann A, Patzelt R, Kakaire D, Poetzsch C, Peregrine A, Mehlitz D, 1998. Use of a PCR assay for the specific and sensitive detection of Trypanosoma spp. in naturally infected dairy cattle in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda. Ann NY Acad Sci 849 :21–31.
Odiit M, Coleman PG, Liu WC, McDermott JJ, Fevre EM, Welburn SC, Woolhouse ME, 2005. Quantifying the level of under-detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness cases. Trop Med Int Health 10 :840–849.
Truc P, Bailey JW, Doua F, Laveissiere C, Godfrey DG, 1994. A comparison of parasitological methods for the diagnosis of Gambian trypanosomiasis in an area of low endemicity in Cote d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :419–421.
Jamonneau V, Barnabe C, Koffi M, Sane B, Cuny G, Solano P, 2003. Identification of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in a sleeping sickness focus in Cote d’Ivoire: assessment of genotype selection by the isolation method. Infect Genet Evol 3 :143–149.
Lasken RS, Egholm M, 2003. Whole genome amplification: abundant supplies of DNA from precious samples or clinical specimens. Trends Biotechnol 21 :531–535.
Dean FB, Hosono S, Fang L, Wu X, Faruqi AF, Bray-Ward P, Sun Z, Zong Q, Du Y, Du J, Driscoll M, Song W, Kingsmore SF, Egholm M, Lasken RS, 2002. Comprehensive human genome amplification using multiple displacement amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 :5261–5266.
Jiang Z, Zhang X, Deka R, Jin L, 2005. Genome amplification of single sperm using multiple displacement amplification. Nucleic Acids Res 33 :e91.
Esteban JA, Salas M, Blanco L, 1993. Fidelity of phi 29 DNA polymerase. Comparison between protein-primed initiation and DNA polymerization. J Biol Chem 268 :2719–2726.
Handyside AH, Robinson MD, Simpson RJ, Omar MB, Shaw MA, Grudzinskas JG, Rutherford A, 2004. Isothermal whole genome amplification from single and small numbers of cells: a new era for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of inherited disease. Mol Hum Reprod 10 :767–772.
Bergen AW, Qi Y, Haque KA, Welch RA, Chanock SJ, 2005. Effects of DNA mass on multiple displacement whole genome amplification and genotyping performance. BMC Biotechnol 5 :24.
Njiru ZK, Constantine CC, Guya S, Crowther J, Kiragu JM, Thompson RC, Davila AM, 2005. The use of ITS1 rDNA PCR in detecting pathogenic African trypanosomes. Parasitol Res 95 :186–192.
Cox A, Tilley A, McOdimba F, Fyfe J, Eisler M, Hide G, Welburn S, 2005. A PCR based assay for detection and differentiation of African trypanosome species in blood. Exp Parasitol 111 :24–29.
Masiga DK, Smyth AJ, Hayes P, Bromidge TJ, Gibson WC, 1992. Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. Int J Parasitol 22 :909–918.
MacLeod A, Tweedie A, McLellan S, Taylor S, Hall N, Berriman M, El-Sayed NM, Hope M, Turner CM, Tait A, 2005. The genetic map and comparative analysis with the physical map of Trypanosoma brucei.Nucleic Acids Res 33 :6688–6693.
Woo PT, 1970. The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop 27 :384–386.
Al-Soud WA, Radstrom P, 2001. Purification and characterization of PCR-inhibitory components in blood cells. J Clin Microbiol 39 :485–493.
Lovmar L, Syvanen AC, 2006. Multiple displacement amplification to create a long-lasting source of DNA for genetic studies. Hum Mutat 27 :603–614.
Wickstead B, Ersfeld K, Gull K, 2004. The small chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei involved in antigenic variation are constructed around repetitive palindromes. Genome Res 14 :1014–1024.
Desquesnes M, Davila AM, 2002. Applications of PCR-based tools for detection and identification of animal trypanosomes: a review and perspectives. Vet Parasitol 109 :213–231.
Welburn SC, Picozzi K, Fevre EM, Coleman PG, Odiit M, Carrington M, Maudlin I, 2001. Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Uganda by means of serum-resistance-associated (SRA) gene. Lancet 358 :2017–2019.
Radwanska M, Claes F, Magez S, Magnus E, Perez-Morga D, Pays E, Buscher P, 2002. Novel primer sequences for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :289–295.
Picozzi K, Fevre EM, Odiit M, Carrington M, Eisler MC, Maudlin I, Welburn SC, 2005. Sleeping sickness in Uganda: a thin line between two fatal diseases. BMJ 331 :1238–1241.
MacLeod A, Tait A, Turner CM, 2001. The population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei and the origin of human infectivity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356 :1035–1044.
Jamonneau V, Garcia A, Frezil JL, N’Guessan P, N’Dri L, Sanon R, Laveissiere C, Truc P, 2000. Clinical and biological evolution of human trypanosomiasis in Cote d’Ivoire. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :831–835.
Jamonneau V, Garcia A, Ravel S, Cuny G, Oury B, Solano P, N’Guessan P, N’Dri L, Sanon R, Frezil JL, Truc P, 2002. Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and clinical evolution of human African trypanosomiasis in Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 7 :610–621.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 268 | 216 | 8 |
Full Text Views | 412 | 9 | 5 |
PDF Downloads | 50 | 6 | 2 |