Guilbert JJ, 2003. The world health report 2002—reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Educ Health (Abingdon) 16 :230.
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):S1–90.
Taylor T, Olola C, Valim C, Agbenyega T, Kremsner P, Krishna S, Kwiatkowski D, Newton C, Missinou M, Pinder M, Wypij D, 2006. Standardized data collection for multi-center clinical studies of severe malaria in African children: establishing the SMAC network. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :615–622.
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
Kwiatkowski DP, 2005. How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet 77 :171–192.
Clark IA, Alleva LM, Mills AC, Cowden WB, 2004. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 :509–539.
Clark IA, Cowden WB, 2003. The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria. Pharmacol Ther 99 :221–260.
Awandare GA, Hittner JB, Kremsner PG, Ochiel DO, Keller CC, Weinberg JB, Clark IA, Perkins DJ, 2006. Decreased circulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein and blood mononuclear cell MIF transcripts in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Immunol 119 :219–225.
Awandare GA, Ouma C, Keller CC, Were T, Otieno R, Ouma Y, Davenport GC, Hittner JB, Ong’echa JM, Ferrell R, Perkins DJ, 2006. A macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter polymorphism is associated with high-density parasitemia in children with malaria. Genes Immun 7 :568–575.
Awandare GA, Ouma Y, Ouma C, Were T, Otieno R, Keller CC, Davenport GC, Hittner JB, Vulule J, Ferrell R, Ong’echa JM, Perkins DJ, 2007. Role of monocyte-acquired hemozoin in suppression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in children with severe malarial anemia. Infect Immun 75 :201–210.
Calandra T, Spiegel LA, Metz CN, Bucala R, 1998. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of Gram-positive bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 :11383–11388.
Koebernick H, Grode L, David JR, Rohde W, Rolph MS, Mittrucker HW, Kaufmann SH, 2002. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity against Salmonella typhimurium.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 :13681– 13686.
Juttner S, Bernhagen J, Metz CN, Rollinghoff M, Bucala R, Gessner A, 1998. Migration inhibitory factor induces killing of Leishmania major by macrophages: dependence on reactive nitrogen intermediates and endogenous TNF-alpha. J Immunol 161 :2383–2390.
Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Mitchell RA, Martin SB, Tracey KJ, Voelter W, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Bucala R, 1993. MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemia. Nature 365 :756–759.
Calandra T, Echtenacher B, Roy DL, Pugin J, Metz CN, Hultner L, Heumann D, Mannel D, Bucala R, Glauser MP, 2000. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Nat Med 6 :164–170.
Reyes JL, Terrazas LI, Espinoza B, Cruz-Robles D, Soto V, Rivera-Montoya I, Gomez-Garcia L, Snider H, Satoskar AR, Rodriguez-Sosa M, 2006. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to host defense against acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Infect Immun 74 :3170–3179.
Calandra T, Roger T, 2003. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a regulator of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 3 :791–800.
Bacher M, Metz CN, Calandra T, Mayer K, Chesney J, Lohoff M, Gemsa D, Donnelly T, Bucala R, 1996. An essential regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 :7849–7854.
Chaisavaneeyakorn S, Moore JM, Othoro C, Otieno J, Chaiyaroj SC, Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V, 2002. Immunity to placental malaria. IV. Placental malaria is associated with up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in intervillous blood. J Infect Dis 186 :1371–1375.
Chaiyaroj SC, Rutta AS, Muenthaisong K, Watkins P, Na Ubol M, Looareesuwan S, 2004. Reduced levels of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-12 and increased migration inhibitory factor are associated with severe malaria. Acta Trop 89 :319–327.
Martiney JA, Sherry B, Metz CN, Espinoza M, Ferrer AS, Calandra T, Broxmeyer HE, Bucala R, 2000. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor release by macrophages after ingestion of Plasmodium chabaudi-infected erythrocytes: possible role in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. Infect Immun 68 :2259–2267.
McDevitt MA, Xie J, Shanmugasundaram G, Griffith J, Liu A, McDonald C, Thuma P, Gordeuk VR, Metz CN, Mitchell R, Keefer J, David J, Leng L, Bucala R, 2006. A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. J Exp Med 203 :1185–1196.
Perkins DJ, Kremsner PG, Schmid D, Misukonis MA, Kelly MA, Weinberg JB, 1999. Blood mononuclear cell nitric oxide production and plasma cytokine levels in healthy Gabonese children with prior mild or severe malaria. Infect Immun 67 :4977–4981.
Kun JF, Schmidt-Ott RJ, Lehman LG, Lell B, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Kremsner PG, 1998. Merozoite surface antigen 1 and 2 genotypes and rosetting of Plasmodium falciparum in severe and mild malaria in Lambarènè, Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :110–114.
Kun JF, Mordmuller B, Lell B, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Kremsner PG, 1998. Polymorphism in promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene and protection against malaria. Lancet 351 :265–266.
Weinberg JB, Muscato JJ, Niedel JE, 1981. Monocyte chemotactic peptide receptor. Functional characteristics and ligand-induced regulation. J Clin Invest 68 :621–630.
Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Bucala R, 1998. Regulation of the immune response by macrophage migration inhibitory factor: biological and structural features. J Mol Med 76 :151–161.
Perkins DJ, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG, 2000. Reduced interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in severe childhood malaria: relationship of cytokine balance with disease severity. J Infect Dis 182 :988–992.
Luty AJ, Perkins DJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG, 2000. Low interleukin-12 activity in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 68 :3909–3915.
Crutcher JM, Stevenson MM, Sedegah M, Hoffman SL, 1995. Interleukin-12 and malaria. Res Immunol 146 :552–559.
Chang KH, Stevenson MM, 2004. Malarial anaemia: mechanisms and implications of insufficient erythropoiesis during blood-stage malaria. Int J Parasitol 34 :1501–1516.
Donn R, Alourfi Z, De Benedetti F, Meazza C, Zeggini E, Lunt M, Stevens A, Shelley E, Lamb R, Ollier WE, Thomson W, Ray D, 2002. Mutation screening of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene: positive association of a functional polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46 :2402–2409.
Donn R, Alourfi Z, Zeggini E, Lamb R, Jury F, Lunt M, Meazza C, De Benedetti F, Thomson W, Ray D, 2004. A functional promoter haplotype of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is linked and associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50 :1604–1610.
Donn RP, Shelley E, Ollier WE, Thomson W, 2001. A novel 5′-flanking region polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is associated with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44 :1782–1785.
Baugh JA, Chitnis S, Donnelly SC, Monteiro J, Lin X, Plant BJ, Wolfe F, Gregersen PK, Bucala R, 2002. A functional promoter polymorphism in the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene associated with disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 3 :170–176.
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Plasmodium falciparum malaria is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The host immune response to P. falciparum is a critical determinant of malarial pathogenesis and disease outcomes. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a central regulator of innate immune responses to bacterial and parasitic infections. Our recent investigations demonstrated that peripheral blood MIF production was suppressed in children with severe malaria. Because examination of MIF production in children with active disease does not account for the inherent ability of the host to generate MIF, basal circulating MIF and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) MIF transcript levels were determined in healthy children with a history of either mild or severe malaria. Children with prior mild malaria had higher plasma MIF levels and PBMC MIF transcripts than children with an identical number of previous episodes of severe malaria. These results suggest that increased basal MIF production may be important in generating immune responses that protect against the development of severe malaria.
Guilbert JJ, 2003. The world health report 2002—reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Educ Health (Abingdon) 16 :230.
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):S1–90.
Taylor T, Olola C, Valim C, Agbenyega T, Kremsner P, Krishna S, Kwiatkowski D, Newton C, Missinou M, Pinder M, Wypij D, 2006. Standardized data collection for multi-center clinical studies of severe malaria in African children: establishing the SMAC network. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :615–622.
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
Kwiatkowski DP, 2005. How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet 77 :171–192.
Clark IA, Alleva LM, Mills AC, Cowden WB, 2004. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 :509–539.
Clark IA, Cowden WB, 2003. The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria. Pharmacol Ther 99 :221–260.
Awandare GA, Hittner JB, Kremsner PG, Ochiel DO, Keller CC, Weinberg JB, Clark IA, Perkins DJ, 2006. Decreased circulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein and blood mononuclear cell MIF transcripts in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Immunol 119 :219–225.
Awandare GA, Ouma C, Keller CC, Were T, Otieno R, Ouma Y, Davenport GC, Hittner JB, Ong’echa JM, Ferrell R, Perkins DJ, 2006. A macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter polymorphism is associated with high-density parasitemia in children with malaria. Genes Immun 7 :568–575.
Awandare GA, Ouma Y, Ouma C, Were T, Otieno R, Keller CC, Davenport GC, Hittner JB, Vulule J, Ferrell R, Ong’echa JM, Perkins DJ, 2007. Role of monocyte-acquired hemozoin in suppression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in children with severe malarial anemia. Infect Immun 75 :201–210.
Calandra T, Spiegel LA, Metz CN, Bucala R, 1998. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of Gram-positive bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 :11383–11388.
Koebernick H, Grode L, David JR, Rohde W, Rolph MS, Mittrucker HW, Kaufmann SH, 2002. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity against Salmonella typhimurium.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 :13681– 13686.
Juttner S, Bernhagen J, Metz CN, Rollinghoff M, Bucala R, Gessner A, 1998. Migration inhibitory factor induces killing of Leishmania major by macrophages: dependence on reactive nitrogen intermediates and endogenous TNF-alpha. J Immunol 161 :2383–2390.
Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Mitchell RA, Martin SB, Tracey KJ, Voelter W, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Bucala R, 1993. MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemia. Nature 365 :756–759.
Calandra T, Echtenacher B, Roy DL, Pugin J, Metz CN, Hultner L, Heumann D, Mannel D, Bucala R, Glauser MP, 2000. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Nat Med 6 :164–170.
Reyes JL, Terrazas LI, Espinoza B, Cruz-Robles D, Soto V, Rivera-Montoya I, Gomez-Garcia L, Snider H, Satoskar AR, Rodriguez-Sosa M, 2006. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to host defense against acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Infect Immun 74 :3170–3179.
Calandra T, Roger T, 2003. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a regulator of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 3 :791–800.
Bacher M, Metz CN, Calandra T, Mayer K, Chesney J, Lohoff M, Gemsa D, Donnelly T, Bucala R, 1996. An essential regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 :7849–7854.
Chaisavaneeyakorn S, Moore JM, Othoro C, Otieno J, Chaiyaroj SC, Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V, 2002. Immunity to placental malaria. IV. Placental malaria is associated with up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in intervillous blood. J Infect Dis 186 :1371–1375.
Chaiyaroj SC, Rutta AS, Muenthaisong K, Watkins P, Na Ubol M, Looareesuwan S, 2004. Reduced levels of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-12 and increased migration inhibitory factor are associated with severe malaria. Acta Trop 89 :319–327.
Martiney JA, Sherry B, Metz CN, Espinoza M, Ferrer AS, Calandra T, Broxmeyer HE, Bucala R, 2000. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor release by macrophages after ingestion of Plasmodium chabaudi-infected erythrocytes: possible role in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. Infect Immun 68 :2259–2267.
McDevitt MA, Xie J, Shanmugasundaram G, Griffith J, Liu A, McDonald C, Thuma P, Gordeuk VR, Metz CN, Mitchell R, Keefer J, David J, Leng L, Bucala R, 2006. A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. J Exp Med 203 :1185–1196.
Perkins DJ, Kremsner PG, Schmid D, Misukonis MA, Kelly MA, Weinberg JB, 1999. Blood mononuclear cell nitric oxide production and plasma cytokine levels in healthy Gabonese children with prior mild or severe malaria. Infect Immun 67 :4977–4981.
Kun JF, Schmidt-Ott RJ, Lehman LG, Lell B, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Kremsner PG, 1998. Merozoite surface antigen 1 and 2 genotypes and rosetting of Plasmodium falciparum in severe and mild malaria in Lambarènè, Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :110–114.
Kun JF, Mordmuller B, Lell B, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Kremsner PG, 1998. Polymorphism in promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene and protection against malaria. Lancet 351 :265–266.
Weinberg JB, Muscato JJ, Niedel JE, 1981. Monocyte chemotactic peptide receptor. Functional characteristics and ligand-induced regulation. J Clin Invest 68 :621–630.
Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Bucala R, 1998. Regulation of the immune response by macrophage migration inhibitory factor: biological and structural features. J Mol Med 76 :151–161.
Perkins DJ, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG, 2000. Reduced interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in severe childhood malaria: relationship of cytokine balance with disease severity. J Infect Dis 182 :988–992.
Luty AJ, Perkins DJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG, 2000. Low interleukin-12 activity in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 68 :3909–3915.
Crutcher JM, Stevenson MM, Sedegah M, Hoffman SL, 1995. Interleukin-12 and malaria. Res Immunol 146 :552–559.
Chang KH, Stevenson MM, 2004. Malarial anaemia: mechanisms and implications of insufficient erythropoiesis during blood-stage malaria. Int J Parasitol 34 :1501–1516.
Donn R, Alourfi Z, De Benedetti F, Meazza C, Zeggini E, Lunt M, Stevens A, Shelley E, Lamb R, Ollier WE, Thomson W, Ray D, 2002. Mutation screening of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene: positive association of a functional polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46 :2402–2409.
Donn R, Alourfi Z, Zeggini E, Lamb R, Jury F, Lunt M, Meazza C, De Benedetti F, Thomson W, Ray D, 2004. A functional promoter haplotype of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is linked and associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50 :1604–1610.
Donn RP, Shelley E, Ollier WE, Thomson W, 2001. A novel 5′-flanking region polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is associated with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44 :1782–1785.
Baugh JA, Chitnis S, Donnelly SC, Monteiro J, Lin X, Plant BJ, Wolfe F, Gregersen PK, Bucala R, 2002. A functional promoter polymorphism in the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene associated with disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 3 :170–176.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1068 | 1019 | 749 |
Full Text Views | 276 | 8 | 4 |
PDF Downloads | 39 | 6 | 2 |