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-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis—New York, 1999. MMWR 48 :845–849.
-
2
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
3
Dietrich G, Montenieri JA, Panella NA, Langevin S, Lasater SE, Klenk K, Kile JC, Komar N, 2005. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, Slidell, Louisiana, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :288–292.
-
4
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
5
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
-
6
Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS, 1993. West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks (Acari: Argasidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :726–737.
-
7
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HH, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis RG, Kuman A, West B, 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3110–3111.
-
8
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
9
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
10
Fitzgerald JP, Meaney CA, Armstrong DM, 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 467 pp.
-
11
Tesh RB, Siirin M, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wu X, Duan T, Lei H, Nunes MR, Xiao S-Y, 2005. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections. J Infect Dis 192 :287–295.
-
12
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
-
13
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 89–212.
-
14
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
15
Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould D, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :697–701.
-
16
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Green EN, Fang Y, Mahmood F, 2003. Previous infection protects house finches from re-infection with St. Louis encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :300–305.
-
17
Benington EE, Sooter CA, Baer H, 1958. The diapause in adult female Culex tarsalis coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito News 18 :299–304.
-
18
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2004/co_human.html. Accessed 12/13/2005.
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19
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/co_human.html. Accessed 12/13/2005.
-
20
U.S. Geological Survey, 2006. http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/co_human.html. Accessed 02/14/2006.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 5 |
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| PDF Downloads | 44 | 16 | 0 |
FOX SQUIRREL (SCIURUS NIGER) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WEST NILE VIRUS
J. JEFFREY ROOT
J. JEFFREY ROOT
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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PAUL T. OESTERLE
PAUL T. OESTERLE
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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HEATHER J. SULLIVAN
HEATHER J. SULLIVAN
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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JEFFREY S. HALL
JEFFREY S. HALL
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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NICOLE L. MARLENEE
NICOLE L. MARLENEE
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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ROBERT G. MCLEAN
ROBERT G. MCLEAN
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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JOHN A. MONTENIERI
JOHN A. MONTENIERI
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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LARRY CLARK
LARRY CLARK
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Tree squirrels (Sciurus spp.) have been recently shown to be commonly exposed to West Nile virus (WNV). Many characteristics of WNV infections in tree squirrels are unknown. To better understand WNV associations in fox squirrels (S. niger), we conducted mark-recapture sampling (N = 72) and radio telemetry to study the longitudinal seroprevalence, seroconversions, and ectoparasites of these animals during 2005–2006 in northern Colorado. Five seroconversions were documented during this study. The majority of seroconversions occurred during the late summer/fall months. However, one seroconversion was documented over the time period of February to late March 2005. Fleas (Orchopeas howardi) were tested for WNV RNA using real-time PCR techniques. No WNV RNA positive fleas (N = 33) were detected. In addition, urine samples (N = 17) opportunistically collected from fox squirrels were negative for WNV RNA. Results indicate that seroconversions can be observed in fox squirrels during low WNV transmission years.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis—New York, 1999. MMWR 48 :845–849.
-
2
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
3
Dietrich G, Montenieri JA, Panella NA, Langevin S, Lasater SE, Klenk K, Kile JC, Komar N, 2005. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, Slidell, Louisiana, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :288–292.
-
4
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
5
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
-
6
Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS, 1993. West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks (Acari: Argasidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :726–737.
-
7
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HH, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis RG, Kuman A, West B, 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3110–3111.
-
8
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
9
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
10
Fitzgerald JP, Meaney CA, Armstrong DM, 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 467 pp.
-
11
Tesh RB, Siirin M, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wu X, Duan T, Lei H, Nunes MR, Xiao S-Y, 2005. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections. J Infect Dis 192 :287–295.
-
12
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
-
13
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 89–212.
-
14
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
15
Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould D, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :697–701.
-
16
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Green EN, Fang Y, Mahmood F, 2003. Previous infection protects house finches from re-infection with St. Louis encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :300–305.
-
17
Benington EE, Sooter CA, Baer H, 1958. The diapause in adult female Culex tarsalis coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito News 18 :299–304.
-
18
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2004/co_human.html. Accessed 12/13/2005.
-
19
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/co_human.html. Accessed 12/13/2005.
-
20
U.S. Geological Survey, 2006. http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/co_human.html. Accessed 02/14/2006.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 201 | 81 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 16 | 0 |