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1
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I, 1980. Human monkeypox, 1970–79. Bull World Health Organ 58 :165–182.
-
2
Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski MV, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, 1988. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull World Health Organ 66 :465–470.
-
3
Jezek Z, Grab B, Paluku KM, Szczeniowski MV, 1988. Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 40 :73–83.
-
4
Jezek Z, Gromyko AI, Szczeniowski MV, 1983. Human monkeypox. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 27 :13–28.
-
5
Breman JG, Nakano JH, Coffi E, Godfrey H, Gautun JC, 1977. Human poxvirus disease after smallpox eradication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :273–281.
-
6
Jezek Z, Fenner F, 1988. Human Monkeypox. Monographs in Virology. Basel: Karger.
-
7
Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H, 1988. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 17 :643–650.
-
8
Shchelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, 1975. Generalized monkeypox in orally infected rabbits and white mice. Vopr Virusol Nov–Dec:703–705.
-
9
Marennikova SS, Seluhina EM, 1976. Susceptibility of some rodent species to monkeypox virus, and course of the infection. Bull World Health Organ 53 :13–20.
-
10
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, Siirin M, Popov VL, Xiao SY, 2004. Experimental infection of ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1563–1567.
-
11
Zaucha GM, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Swearengen JR, Hensley L, 2001. The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Lab Invest 81 :1581–1600.
-
12
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, Szczeniowski MV, Esposito JJ, 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :434–438.
-
13
Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Kinzanzka K, 1986. Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Lancet 1 :98–99.
-
14
Breman JG, Bernadou J, Nakano JH, 1977. Poxvirus in West African nonhuman primates: serological survey results. Bull World Health Organ 55 :605–612.
-
15
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Mambum D, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, Messinger D, 1987. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med 39 :115–122.
-
16
Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Messinger D, 1988. Monkeypox virus: ecology and public health significance. Bull World Health Organ 66 :747–752.
-
17
Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :642–646.
-
18
Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :616–618.
-
19
Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :589–590.
-
20
Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :561–564.
-
21
Multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :537–540.
-
22
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK, 2004. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 :342–350.
-
23
Li Y, Olson VA, Laue T, Laker MT, Damon IK, 2006. Detection of Monkeypox virus with real-time PCR assays. J Clin Virol 36 :194–203.
-
24
Karem K, Reynolds MG, Braden Z, Lou G, Bernard N, Patton JL, Damon IK, 2005. Characterization of acute-phase humoral immunity to monkeypox: use of immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of monkeypox infection during the 2003 North American outbreak. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12 :867–872.
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25
Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace MA, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Davidson W, Galloway R, Khristova ML, Reynolds MG, Zhao H, Carroll DS, Curns A, Formenty P, Esposito JJ, Regnery RL, Damon IK, 2005. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol 86 :2661–2672.
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Guarner J, Johnson BJ, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith CS, Reynolds MG, Damon IK, Regnery RL, Zaki SR, 2004. Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis in prairie dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :426–431.
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Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, Esposito JJ, Harms T, Damon IK, Roper RL, Upton C, Buller RM, 2005. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 340 :46–63.
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MONKEYPOX ZOONOTIC ASSOCIATIONS: INSIGHTS FROM LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ANIMALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MULTI-STATE US OUTBREAK
CHRISTINA L. HUTSON
CHRISTINA L. HUTSON
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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KEMBA N. LEE
KEMBA N. LEE
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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JASON ABEL
JASON ABEL
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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DARIN S. CARROLL
DARIN S. CARROLL
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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JOEL M. MONTGOMERY
JOEL M. MONTGOMERY
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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VICTORIA A. OLSON
VICTORIA A. OLSON
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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YU LI
YU LI
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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WHITNI DAVIDSON
WHITNI DAVIDSON
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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CHRISTINE HUGHES
CHRISTINE HUGHES
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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MICHAEL DILLON
MICHAEL DILLON
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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PAUL SPURLOCK
PAUL SPURLOCK
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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JAMES J. KAZMIERCZAK
JAMES J. KAZMIERCZAK
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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CONNIE AUSTIN
CONNIE AUSTIN
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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LORI MISER
LORI MISER
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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FAYE E. SORHAGE
FAYE E. SORHAGE
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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JAMES HOWELL
JAMES HOWELL
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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JEFFREY P. DAVIS
JEFFREY P. DAVIS
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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MARY G. REYNOLDS
MARY G. REYNOLDS
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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ZACHARY BRADEN
ZACHARY BRADEN
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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KEVIN L. KAREM
KEVIN L. KAREM
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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INGER K. DAMON
INGER K. DAMON
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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RUSSELL L. REGNERY
RUSSELL L. REGNERY
Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Infectious Diseases, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois; Bureau of Animal Health, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois; Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Program, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, New Jersey; Indiana State Department of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; Communicable Diseases and Preparedness, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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At the onset of the 2003 US monkeypox outbreak, virologic data were unavailable regarding which animal species were involved with virus importation and/or subsequent transmission to humans and whether there was a risk for establishment of zoonotic monkeypox in North America. Similarly, it was unclear which specimens would be best for virus testing. Monkeypox DNA was detected in at least 33 animals, and virus was cultured from 22. Virus-positive animals included three African species associated with the importation event (giant pouched rats, Cricetomys spp.; rope squirrels, Funisciuris sp.; and dormice, Graphiuris sp.). Virologic evidence from North American prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) was concordant with their suspected roles as vectors for human monkeypox. Multiple tissues were found suitable for DNA detection and/or virus isolation. These data extend the potential host range for monkeypox virus infection and supports concern regarding the potential for establishment in novel reservoir species and ecosystems.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I, 1980. Human monkeypox, 1970–79. Bull World Health Organ 58 :165–182.
-
2
Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski MV, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, 1988. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull World Health Organ 66 :465–470.
-
3
Jezek Z, Grab B, Paluku KM, Szczeniowski MV, 1988. Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 40 :73–83.
-
4
Jezek Z, Gromyko AI, Szczeniowski MV, 1983. Human monkeypox. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 27 :13–28.
-
5
Breman JG, Nakano JH, Coffi E, Godfrey H, Gautun JC, 1977. Human poxvirus disease after smallpox eradication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :273–281.
-
6
Jezek Z, Fenner F, 1988. Human Monkeypox. Monographs in Virology. Basel: Karger.
-
7
Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H, 1988. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 17 :643–650.
-
8
Shchelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, 1975. Generalized monkeypox in orally infected rabbits and white mice. Vopr Virusol Nov–Dec:703–705.
-
9
Marennikova SS, Seluhina EM, 1976. Susceptibility of some rodent species to monkeypox virus, and course of the infection. Bull World Health Organ 53 :13–20.
-
10
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, Siirin M, Popov VL, Xiao SY, 2004. Experimental infection of ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1563–1567.
-
11
Zaucha GM, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Swearengen JR, Hensley L, 2001. The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Lab Invest 81 :1581–1600.
-
12
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, Szczeniowski MV, Esposito JJ, 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :434–438.
-
13
Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Kinzanzka K, 1986. Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Lancet 1 :98–99.
-
14
Breman JG, Bernadou J, Nakano JH, 1977. Poxvirus in West African nonhuman primates: serological survey results. Bull World Health Organ 55 :605–612.
-
15
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Mambum D, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, Messinger D, 1987. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med 39 :115–122.
-
16
Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Messinger D, 1988. Monkeypox virus: ecology and public health significance. Bull World Health Organ 66 :747–752.
-
17
Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :642–646.
-
18
Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :616–618.
-
19
Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :589–590.
-
20
Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :561–564.
-
21
Multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :537–540.
-
22
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK, 2004. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 :342–350.
-
23
Li Y, Olson VA, Laue T, Laker MT, Damon IK, 2006. Detection of Monkeypox virus with real-time PCR assays. J Clin Virol 36 :194–203.
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