Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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-
1
WHO, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 912, WHO, Geneva.
-
2
De Silva NR, 2003. Impact of mass chemotherapy on the morbidity due to soil-transmitted nematodes. Acta Trop 86 :197–214.
-
3
Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC, 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22 :35–59.
-
4
Awasthi S, Bundy DAP, Savioli L, 2003. Helminthic infections. BMJ 327 :431–433.
-
5
De Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L, 2003. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol 19 :547–551.
-
6
Hotez PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, Xiao SH, 2004. Hookworm infection. N Engl J Med 351 :799–807.
-
7
Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ, 2004. Human hookworm infection in the 21st century. Adv Parasitol 58 :197–288.
-
8
Human helminth infections in Southeast Asia. Report UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Region Office. Bangkok, Thailand, July 2002.
-
9
Personal communication with Dr Antonio Montresor, Public Health Specialist Vectorborne and other Parasitic Diseases. WHO Hanoi, December 30, 2005.
-
10
WHO Western Pacific. Over 55 million people in Viet Nam infected with intestinal worms. Press release, December 2005.
-
11
Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Lewis S, Quinnell RJ, Minh TT, Liem HT, Campbell J, Pritchard DI, Hien TT, Farrar J, Williams H, Britton J, 2006. Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: a cross-sectional study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 118 :1305–1311.
-
12
Coles GC, Bauer C, Borgsteede FHM, Geerts S, Klei TR, Taylor MA, Waller PJ, 1992. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelminthic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 44 :35–44.
-
13
Bennett A, Guyatt H, 2000. Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today 16 :71–74.
-
14
Horton J, 2000. Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans. Parasitology 121 :S113–S132.
-
15
Hall A, 1981. Quantitative variability of nematode egg counts in faeces: a study among rural Kenyans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :682–687.
-
16
De Clercq D, Sacko M, Behnke J, Gilbert F, Dorny P, Vercruysse J, 1997. Failure of mebendazole in treatment of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :25–30.
-
17
Sacko M, De Clerq D, Behnke JM, Gilbert FS, Dorny P, Vercruysse J, 1999. Comparison of the efficacy of mebendazole, albendazole and pyrantel in treatment of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :195–203.
-
18
Dacombe RJ, Crampin AC, Floyd S, Randall A, Ndhlovu R, Bickle Q, Fine PEM, 2007. Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :140–145.
-
19
Raso G, Vounatsou P, Gosoniu L, Tanner M, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2006. Risk factors and spatial patterns of hookworm infection among schoolchildren in a rural area of western Cote d’Ivoire. Int J Parasitol 5 :201–210.
-
20
Wesche D, Barnish G, 1994. A comparative study of the effectiveness of mebendazole (Janssen) and generically equivalent mebendazole (Nordia) in intestinal helminthiasis in Papua New Guinean children. P N G Med J 37 :7–11.
-
21
Albonico M, Smith PG, Hall A, Chwaya HM, Alawi KS, Savioli L, 1994. A randomized controlled trial comparing mebendazole and albendazole against Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :585–589.
-
22
Hall A, Nahar Q, 1994. Albendazole and infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in children in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :110–112.
-
23
Waller PJ, 1990. Resistance in nematode parasites of livestock to the benzimidazole anthelmintics. Parasitol Today 6 :127–129.
-
24
Albonico M, Engels D, Savioli L, 2004. Monitoring drug efficacy and early detection of drug resistance in human soil-transmitted nematodes: a pressing public health agenda for helminth control. Int J Parasitol 34 :1205–1210.
-
25
Albonico M, Bickle Q, Ramsan M, Montresor A, Savioli L, Taylor M, 2003. Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar. Bull World Health Organ 81 :343–352.
-
26
Geerts S, Gryseels B, 2000. Drug resistance in human helminths: current situation and lessons from livestock. Clin Microbiol Rev 13 :207–222.
-
27
Longfils P, Heang UK, Soeng H, Sinuon M, 2005. Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation as a tool to reduce anemia among primary school children in Cambodia. Nutr Rev 63 :S139–S145.
-
28
Albonico M, Wright V, Ramsan M, Haji HJ, Taylor M, Savioli L, Bickle Q, 2005. Development of the egg hatch assay for detection of anthelminthic resistance in human hookworms. Int J Parasitol 35 :803–811.
-
29
Albonico M, Wright V, Bickle Q, 2004. Molecular analysis of the β-tubulin gene of human hookworms as a basis for possible benzimidazole resistance on Pemba Island. Mol Biochem Parasitol 134 :281–284.
-
30
Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Gyorkos TW, Savioli L, 2002. Helminth control in school-age children. A guide for managers of control programmes. WHO, Geneva.
-
31
Utzinger J, Keiser J, 2004. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: common drugs for treatment and control. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5 :263–285.
-
32
Xiao SH, Wu HM, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Wang C, 2005. Tribendimidine: a promising, safe and broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent from China. Acta Trop 94 :1–14.
-
33
Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, Loukas A, Williamson A, Goud G, Hawdon JM, Dobardzic A, Dobardzic R, Ghosh K, Bottazzi ME, Mendez S, Zook B, Wang Y, Liu S, Essiet-Gibson I, Chung-Debose S, Xiao SH, Knox D, Meagher M, Inan M, Correa-Oliveira R, Vilk P, Shepherd HR, Brandt W, Russell PK, 2003. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. Int J Parasitol 33 :1245–1258.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 610 | 477 | 115 |
| Full Text Views | 298 | 13 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 9 | 4 |
LOW EFFICACY OF MEBENDAZOLE AGAINST HOOKWORM IN VIETNAM: TWO RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
CARSTEN FLOHR
CARSTEN FLOHR
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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LUC NGUYEN TUYEN
LUC NGUYEN TUYEN
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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SARAH LEWIS
SARAH LEWIS
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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TRUONG TAN MINH
TRUONG TAN MINH
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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JIM CAMPBELL
JIM CAMPBELL
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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JOHN BRITTON
JOHN BRITTON
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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HYWEL WILLIAMS
HYWEL WILLIAMS
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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TRAN TINH HIEN
TRAN TINH HIEN
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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JEREMY FARRAR
JEREMY FARRAR
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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RUPERT J. QUINNELL
RUPERT J. QUINNELL
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service, Nha Trang, Vietnam; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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Vietnam is participating in a global de-worming effort that aims to treat 650 million school children regularly by 2010. The treatment used in Vietnam is single dose oral mebendazole (Phardazone®) 500 mg. We tested the efficacy of single dose mebendazole 500 mg in the therapy of hookworm infection in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among 271 Vietnamese schoolchildren. The treatment efficacy of single dose mebendazole in children did not differ significantly from placebo, with a reduction in mean eggs per gram of feces relative to placebo of 31% (95% CI -9 to 56%, P = 0.1). In light of these findings we then carried out a similar randomized trial comparing triple dose mebendazole, single dose albendazole, and triple dose albendazole against placebo in 209 adults in the same area. The estimated reduction in mean post-treatment eggs per gram of feces relative to placebo was 63% (95% CI 30–81%) for triple mebendazole, 75% (47–88%) for single albendazole, and 88% (58–97%) for triple albendazole. Our results suggest that single dose oral mebendazole has low efficacy against hookworm infection in Vietnam, and that it should be replaced by albendazole. These findings are of major public health relevance given the opportunity costs of treating entire populations with ineffective therapies. We recommend that efficacy of anti-helminth therapies is pilot tested before implementation of national gut worm control programs.
Author Notes
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
WHO, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 912, WHO, Geneva.
-
2
De Silva NR, 2003. Impact of mass chemotherapy on the morbidity due to soil-transmitted nematodes. Acta Trop 86 :197–214.
-
3
Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC, 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22 :35–59.
-
4
Awasthi S, Bundy DAP, Savioli L, 2003. Helminthic infections. BMJ 327 :431–433.
-
5
De Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L, 2003. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol 19 :547–551.
-
6
Hotez PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, Xiao SH, 2004. Hookworm infection. N Engl J Med 351 :799–807.
-
7
Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ, 2004. Human hookworm infection in the 21st century. Adv Parasitol 58 :197–288.
-
8
Human helminth infections in Southeast Asia. Report UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Region Office. Bangkok, Thailand, July 2002.
-
9
Personal communication with Dr Antonio Montresor, Public Health Specialist Vectorborne and other Parasitic Diseases. WHO Hanoi, December 30, 2005.
-
10
WHO Western Pacific. Over 55 million people in Viet Nam infected with intestinal worms. Press release, December 2005.
-
11
Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Lewis S, Quinnell RJ, Minh TT, Liem HT, Campbell J, Pritchard DI, Hien TT, Farrar J, Williams H, Britton J, 2006. Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: a cross-sectional study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 118 :1305–1311.
-
12
Coles GC, Bauer C, Borgsteede FHM, Geerts S, Klei TR, Taylor MA, Waller PJ, 1992. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelminthic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 44 :35–44.
-
13
Bennett A, Guyatt H, 2000. Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today 16 :71–74.
-
14
Horton J, 2000. Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans. Parasitology 121 :S113–S132.
-
15
Hall A, 1981. Quantitative variability of nematode egg counts in faeces: a study among rural Kenyans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :682–687.
-
16
De Clercq D, Sacko M, Behnke J, Gilbert F, Dorny P, Vercruysse J, 1997. Failure of mebendazole in treatment of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :25–30.
-
17
Sacko M, De Clerq D, Behnke JM, Gilbert FS, Dorny P, Vercruysse J, 1999. Comparison of the efficacy of mebendazole, albendazole and pyrantel in treatment of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :195–203.
-
18
Dacombe RJ, Crampin AC, Floyd S, Randall A, Ndhlovu R, Bickle Q, Fine PEM, 2007. Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :140–145.
-
19
Raso G, Vounatsou P, Gosoniu L, Tanner M, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2006. Risk factors and spatial patterns of hookworm infection among schoolchildren in a rural area of western Cote d’Ivoire. Int J Parasitol 5 :201–210.
-
20
Wesche D, Barnish G, 1994. A comparative study of the effectiveness of mebendazole (Janssen) and generically equivalent mebendazole (Nordia) in intestinal helminthiasis in Papua New Guinean children. P N G Med J 37 :7–11.
-
21
Albonico M, Smith PG, Hall A, Chwaya HM, Alawi KS, Savioli L, 1994. A randomized controlled trial comparing mebendazole and albendazole against Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :585–589.
-
22
Hall A, Nahar Q, 1994. Albendazole and infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in children in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :110–112.
-
23
Waller PJ, 1990. Resistance in nematode parasites of livestock to the benzimidazole anthelmintics. Parasitol Today 6 :127–129.
-
24
Albonico M, Engels D, Savioli L, 2004. Monitoring drug efficacy and early detection of drug resistance in human soil-transmitted nematodes: a pressing public health agenda for helminth control. Int J Parasitol 34 :1205–1210.
-
25
Albonico M, Bickle Q, Ramsan M, Montresor A, Savioli L, Taylor M, 2003. Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar. Bull World Health Organ 81 :343–352.
-
26
Geerts S, Gryseels B, 2000. Drug resistance in human helminths: current situation and lessons from livestock. Clin Microbiol Rev 13 :207–222.
-
27
Longfils P, Heang UK, Soeng H, Sinuon M, 2005. Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation as a tool to reduce anemia among primary school children in Cambodia. Nutr Rev 63 :S139–S145.
-
28
Albonico M, Wright V, Ramsan M, Haji HJ, Taylor M, Savioli L, Bickle Q, 2005. Development of the egg hatch assay for detection of anthelminthic resistance in human hookworms. Int J Parasitol 35 :803–811.
-
29
Albonico M, Wright V, Bickle Q, 2004. Molecular analysis of the β-tubulin gene of human hookworms as a basis for possible benzimidazole resistance on Pemba Island. Mol Biochem Parasitol 134 :281–284.
-
30
Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Gyorkos TW, Savioli L, 2002. Helminth control in school-age children. A guide for managers of control programmes. WHO, Geneva.
-
31
Utzinger J, Keiser J, 2004. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: common drugs for treatment and control. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5 :263–285.
-
32
Xiao SH, Wu HM, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Wang C, 2005. Tribendimidine: a promising, safe and broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent from China. Acta Trop 94 :1–14.
-
33
Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, Loukas A, Williamson A, Goud G, Hawdon JM, Dobardzic A, Dobardzic R, Ghosh K, Bottazzi ME, Mendez S, Zook B, Wang Y, Liu S, Essiet-Gibson I, Chung-Debose S, Xiao SH, Knox D, Meagher M, Inan M, Correa-Oliveira R, Vilk P, Shepherd HR, Brandt W, Russell PK, 2003. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. Int J Parasitol 33 :1245–1258.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 610 | 477 | 115 |
| Full Text Views | 298 | 13 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 9 | 4 |