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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Vythilingam I, Tan CH, Asmad M, Chan ST, Lee KS, Singh B, 2006. Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak, Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :1087–1088.
-
3
Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H, 2004. Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2211–2213.
-
4
Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SS, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ, 2004. A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 363 :1017–1024.
-
5
Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, 1995. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 332 :1399–1404.
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6
Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F, 2001. An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr 131 :636S–645S.
-
7
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, New-bold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
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8
WHO, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :S1–90.
-
9
Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
-
10
Fleming AF, 1989. Tropical obstetrics and gynaecology. 1. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :441–448.
-
11
Trang TT, Phu NH, Vinh H, Hien TT, Cuong BM, Chau TT, Mai NT, Waller DJ, White NJ, 1992. Acute renal failure in patients with severe falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 15 :874–880.
-
12
Berendt AR, Ferguson DJ, Gardner J, Turner G, Rowe A, McCormick C, Roberts D, Craig A, Pinches R, Elford BC, et al., 1994. Molecular mechanisms of sequestration in malaria. Parasitology 108 (Suppl):S19–S28.
-
13
Gysin J, 1991. Relevance of the squirrel monkey as a model for experimental human malaria. Res Immunol 142 :649–654.
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14
Schmidt LH, 1973. Infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the owl monkey–model systems for basic biological and chemotherapeutic studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67 :446–474.
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15
Young MD, Baerg DC, Rossan RN, 1976. Studies with induced malarias in Aotus monkeys. Lab Anim Sci 26 :1131–1137.
-
16
Collins WE, 1992. South American monkeys in the development and testing of malarial vaccines—a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3):401–406.
-
17
Kawai S, Aikawa M, Kano S, Suzuki M, 1993. A primate model for severe human malaria with cerebral involvement: Plasmodium coatneyi-infected Macaca fuscata. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :630–636.
-
18
Davison BB, Cogswell FB, Baskin GB, Falkenstein KP, Henson EW, Tarantal AF, Krogstad DJ, 1998. Plasmodium coatneyi in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as a model of malaria in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :189–201.
-
19
Egan AF, Fabucci ME, Saul A, Kaslow DC, Miller LH, 2002. Aotus New World monkeys: model for studying malaria-induced anemia. Blood 99 :3863–3866.
-
20
Makobongo MO, Keegan B, Long CA, Miller LH, 2006. Immunization of Aotus monkeys with recombinant cysteine-rich interdomain region 1 alpha protects against severe disease during Plasmodium falciparum reinfection. J Infect Dis 193 :731–740.
-
21
Eyles DE, Fong YL, Warren M, Guinn E, Sandosham AA, Wharton RH, 1962. Plasmodium coatneyi, a new species of primate malaria from Malaya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11 :597–604.
-
22
Vargas-Serrato E, Corredor V, Galinski MR, 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of CSP and MSP-9 gene sequences demonstrates the close relationship of Plasmodium coatneyi to Plasmodium knowlesi. Infect Genet Evol 3 :67–73.
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23
Desowitz RS, Miller LH, Buchanan RD, Permpanich B, 1969. The sites of deep vascular schizogony in Plasmodium coatneyi malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63 :198–202.
-
24
Smith CD, Brown AE, Nakazawa S, Fujioka H, Aikawa M, 1996. Multi-organ erythrocyte sequestration and ligand expression in rhesus monkeys infected with Plasmodium coatneyi malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :379–383.
-
25
Aikawa M, Brown AE, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Collins WE, Webster HK, 1992. Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys: a primate model for human cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3):443–447.
-
26
Liechti ME, Zumsteg V, Hatz CF, Herren T, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and symmetrical peripheral gangrene: case report and review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22 :551–554.
-
27
Riley RS, Ben-Ezra JM, Tidwell A, Romagnoli G, 2002. Reticulocyte analysis by flow cytometry and other techniques. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 16 :373–420.
-
28
Momotani E, Yabuki Y, Miho H, Ishikawa Y, Yoshino T, 1985. Histopathological evaluation of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Haemophilus somnus infection in cattle. J Comp Pathol 95 :15.
-
29
Collins WE, Warren M, Sullivan JS, Galland GG, 2001. Plasmodium coatneyi: observations on periodicity, mosquito infection, and transmission to Macaca mulatta monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :101–110.
-
30
Salord F, Allaouchiche B, Gaussorgues P, Boibieux A, Sirodot M, Gerard-Boncompain M, Biron F, Peyramond D, Robert D, 1991. Severe falciparum malaria (21 cases). Intensive Care Med 17 :449–454.
-
31
Bruneel F, Hocqueloux L, Alberti C, Wolff M, Chevret S, Bedos JP, Durand R, Le Bras J, Regnier B, Vachon F, 2003. The clinical spectrum of severe imported falciparum malaria in the intensive care unit: report of 188 cases in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 :684–689.
-
32
Losert H, Schmid K, Wilfing A, Winkler S, Staudinger T, Kletzmayr J, Burgmann H, 2000. Experiences with severe P. falciparum malaria in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 26 :195–201.
-
33
Schofield L, Grau GE, 2005. Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis. Nat Rev Immunol 5 :722–735.
-
34
Coatney GR, 1968. Simian malarias in man: facts, implications, and predictions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :147–155.
-
35
Udomsangpetch R, Brown AE, Smith CD, Webster HK, 1991. Rosette formation by Plasmodium coatneyi-infected red blood cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :399–401.
-
36
Aikawa M, Brown A, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Perry G, Collins WE, Webster K, 1992. A primate model for human cerebral malaria: Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :391–397.
-
37
Sein KK, Brown AE, Maeno Y, Smith CD, Corcoran KD, Hansukjariya P, Webster HK, Aikawa M, 1993. Sequestration pattern of parasitized erythrocytes in cerebrum, mid-brain, and cerebellum of Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :513–519.
-
38
Nakano Y, Fujioka H, Luc KD, Rabbege JR, Todd GD, Collins WE, Aikawa M, 1996. A correlation of the sequestration rate of Plasmodium coatneyi-infected erythrocytes in cerebral and subcutaneous tissues of a rhesus monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :311–314.
-
39
Yu M, Nardella A, Pechet L, 2000. Screening tests of disseminated intravascular coagulation: guidelines for rapid and specific laboratory diagnosis. Crit Care Med 28 :1777–1780.
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Vogetseder A, Ospelt C, Reindl M, Schober M, Schmutzhard E, 2004. Time course of coagulation parameters, cytokines and adhesion molecules in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 9 :767–773.
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Mohanty D, Ghosh K, Nandwani SK, Shetty S, Phillips C, Rizvi S, Parmar BD, 1997. Fibrinolysis, inhibitors of blood coagulation, and monocyte derived coagulant activity in acute malaria. Am J Hematol 54 :23–29.
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DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION COMPLICATED BY PERIPHERAL GANGRENE IN A RHESUS MACAQUE (MACACA MULATTA) EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH PLASMODIUM COATNEYI
ALBERTO MORENO
ALBERTO MORENO
Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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ANAPATRICIA GARCÍA
ANAPATRICIA GARCÍA
Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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MÓNICA CABRERA-MORA
MÓNICA CABRERA-MORA
Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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ELIZABETH STROBERT
ELIZABETH STROBERT
Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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MARY R. GALINSKI
MARY R. GALINSKI
Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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We report the first case of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) complicated by peripheral gangrene induced by Plasmodium coatneyi in rhesus monkeys. Ten days after experimental challenge, numerous petechiae were noted over the trunk and extremities, with polychromasia, severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, and moderate parasitemia. These changes were accompanied by elevated serum activity of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases, and creatinine phosphokinase. The animal received intravenous fluid support, artemether, and blood transfusion. Three days after treatment, the platelet counts returned to normal, and parasitemia was abated. However, several areas of skin discoloration with gangrenous tissue in the hands and the tail were observed. Coagulation profile showed elevated D-dimers and elevated levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products with low levels of protein S functional activity. DIC with peripheral gangrene is very rare in Plasmodium-infected individuals. Our results indicate that the experimental model of P. coatneyi infection of rhesus monkeys is important for studies of malarial anemia and coagulopathy.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Vythilingam I, Tan CH, Asmad M, Chan ST, Lee KS, Singh B, 2006. Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak, Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :1087–1088.
-
3
Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H, 2004. Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2211–2213.
-
4
Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SS, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ, 2004. A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 363 :1017–1024.
-
5
Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, 1995. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 332 :1399–1404.
-
6
Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F, 2001. An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr 131 :636S–645S.
-
7
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, New-bold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
-
8
WHO, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :S1–90.
-
9
Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
-
10
Fleming AF, 1989. Tropical obstetrics and gynaecology. 1. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :441–448.
-
11
Trang TT, Phu NH, Vinh H, Hien TT, Cuong BM, Chau TT, Mai NT, Waller DJ, White NJ, 1992. Acute renal failure in patients with severe falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 15 :874–880.
-
12
Berendt AR, Ferguson DJ, Gardner J, Turner G, Rowe A, McCormick C, Roberts D, Craig A, Pinches R, Elford BC, et al., 1994. Molecular mechanisms of sequestration in malaria. Parasitology 108 (Suppl):S19–S28.
-
13
Gysin J, 1991. Relevance of the squirrel monkey as a model for experimental human malaria. Res Immunol 142 :649–654.
-
14
Schmidt LH, 1973. Infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the owl monkey–model systems for basic biological and chemotherapeutic studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67 :446–474.
-
15
Young MD, Baerg DC, Rossan RN, 1976. Studies with induced malarias in Aotus monkeys. Lab Anim Sci 26 :1131–1137.
-
16
Collins WE, 1992. South American monkeys in the development and testing of malarial vaccines—a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3):401–406.
-
17
Kawai S, Aikawa M, Kano S, Suzuki M, 1993. A primate model for severe human malaria with cerebral involvement: Plasmodium coatneyi-infected Macaca fuscata. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :630–636.
-
18
Davison BB, Cogswell FB, Baskin GB, Falkenstein KP, Henson EW, Tarantal AF, Krogstad DJ, 1998. Plasmodium coatneyi in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as a model of malaria in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :189–201.
-
19
Egan AF, Fabucci ME, Saul A, Kaslow DC, Miller LH, 2002. Aotus New World monkeys: model for studying malaria-induced anemia. Blood 99 :3863–3866.
-
20
Makobongo MO, Keegan B, Long CA, Miller LH, 2006. Immunization of Aotus monkeys with recombinant cysteine-rich interdomain region 1 alpha protects against severe disease during Plasmodium falciparum reinfection. J Infect Dis 193 :731–740.
-
21
Eyles DE, Fong YL, Warren M, Guinn E, Sandosham AA, Wharton RH, 1962. Plasmodium coatneyi, a new species of primate malaria from Malaya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11 :597–604.
-
22
Vargas-Serrato E, Corredor V, Galinski MR, 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of CSP and MSP-9 gene sequences demonstrates the close relationship of Plasmodium coatneyi to Plasmodium knowlesi. Infect Genet Evol 3 :67–73.
-
23
Desowitz RS, Miller LH, Buchanan RD, Permpanich B, 1969. The sites of deep vascular schizogony in Plasmodium coatneyi malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63 :198–202.
-
24
Smith CD, Brown AE, Nakazawa S, Fujioka H, Aikawa M, 1996. Multi-organ erythrocyte sequestration and ligand expression in rhesus monkeys infected with Plasmodium coatneyi malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :379–383.
-
25
Aikawa M, Brown AE, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Collins WE, Webster HK, 1992. Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys: a primate model for human cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3):443–447.
-
26
Liechti ME, Zumsteg V, Hatz CF, Herren T, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and symmetrical peripheral gangrene: case report and review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22 :551–554.
-
27
Riley RS, Ben-Ezra JM, Tidwell A, Romagnoli G, 2002. Reticulocyte analysis by flow cytometry and other techniques. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 16 :373–420.
-
28
Momotani E, Yabuki Y, Miho H, Ishikawa Y, Yoshino T, 1985. Histopathological evaluation of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Haemophilus somnus infection in cattle. J Comp Pathol 95 :15.
-
29
Collins WE, Warren M, Sullivan JS, Galland GG, 2001. Plasmodium coatneyi: observations on periodicity, mosquito infection, and transmission to Macaca mulatta monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :101–110.
-
30
Salord F, Allaouchiche B, Gaussorgues P, Boibieux A, Sirodot M, Gerard-Boncompain M, Biron F, Peyramond D, Robert D, 1991. Severe falciparum malaria (21 cases). Intensive Care Med 17 :449–454.
-
31
Bruneel F, Hocqueloux L, Alberti C, Wolff M, Chevret S, Bedos JP, Durand R, Le Bras J, Regnier B, Vachon F, 2003. The clinical spectrum of severe imported falciparum malaria in the intensive care unit: report of 188 cases in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 :684–689.
-
32
Losert H, Schmid K, Wilfing A, Winkler S, Staudinger T, Kletzmayr J, Burgmann H, 2000. Experiences with severe P. falciparum malaria in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 26 :195–201.
-
33
Schofield L, Grau GE, 2005. Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis. Nat Rev Immunol 5 :722–735.
-
34
Coatney GR, 1968. Simian malarias in man: facts, implications, and predictions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :147–155.
-
35
Udomsangpetch R, Brown AE, Smith CD, Webster HK, 1991. Rosette formation by Plasmodium coatneyi-infected red blood cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :399–401.
-
36
Aikawa M, Brown A, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Perry G, Collins WE, Webster K, 1992. A primate model for human cerebral malaria: Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :391–397.
-
37
Sein KK, Brown AE, Maeno Y, Smith CD, Corcoran KD, Hansukjariya P, Webster HK, Aikawa M, 1993. Sequestration pattern of parasitized erythrocytes in cerebrum, mid-brain, and cerebellum of Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :513–519.
-
38
Nakano Y, Fujioka H, Luc KD, Rabbege JR, Todd GD, Collins WE, Aikawa M, 1996. A correlation of the sequestration rate of Plasmodium coatneyi-infected erythrocytes in cerebral and subcutaneous tissues of a rhesus monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :311–314.
-
39
Yu M, Nardella A, Pechet L, 2000. Screening tests of disseminated intravascular coagulation: guidelines for rapid and specific laboratory diagnosis. Crit Care Med 28 :1777–1780.
-
40
Vogetseder A, Ospelt C, Reindl M, Schober M, Schmutzhard E, 2004. Time course of coagulation parameters, cytokines and adhesion molecules in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 9 :767–773.
-
41
Mohanty D, Ghosh K, Nandwani SK, Shetty S, Phillips C, Rizvi S, Parmar BD, 1997. Fibrinolysis, inhibitors of blood coagulation, and monocyte derived coagulant activity in acute malaria. Am J Hematol 54 :23–29.
-
42
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