Tinto H, Zoungrana EB, Coulibaly SO, Ouédraogo JB, Traoré M, Guiguemdé TR, Van Marck E, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Chloroquine and sulphadoxine efficacy for uncomplicated malaria treatement and haematological recovery in children in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso during a 3-year period 1998–2000. Trop Med Int Health 7 :925–930.
Shretta R, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Snow RW, 2000. Using evidence to change antimalarial drug policy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 5 :755–764.
Bzik DJ, Li WB, Horii T, Inselburg J, 1987. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase–thymidylate synthase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 :8360–8364.
Biswas S, Escalante A, Chaiyaroj S, Angkasekwinai P, Lal AA, 2000. Prevalence of point mutations in the dihydrofolate re-ductase and dihydrofolate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India and Thailand: a molecular epidemiologic study. Top Med Int Health 10 :773–743.
Triglia T, Cowman AF, 1994. Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 :7149–7153
Brooks DR, Wang P, Read M, Watkins WM, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1994. Sequence variation of the dihydromethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance sulfadoxine. Eur J Biochem 224 :397–405.
Sirima SB, Sawadogo R, Moran AC, Konate A, Diarra A, Yameogo M, Parise ME, Newman RD, 2003. Failure of a chloroquine chemoprophylaxis program to adequately prevent malaria during pregnancy in Koupela district, Burkina Faso. Clin Infect Dis 36 :1374–1382.
Kayentao K, Kodio M, Newman RD, Maiga H, Doumtabe D, Ongoiba A, Coulibaly D, Keita AS, Maiga B, Mungay M, Parise ME, Doumbo O, 2005. Comparison of intermittent preventive treatment with chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of malaria druing pregnancy in Mali. J Inf Dis 191 :109–116.
World Health Organization, 1996. Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Antimalarial Drugs for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Areas with Intense Transmission. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Stepniewska K, Taylor WRJ, Mayxay M, Price R, Smithuis F, Guthmann JP, Barnes K, Myint HY, Adjuik M, Olliaro P, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Farar J, Nosten F, Day NPJ, White NJ, 2004. In vivo assessment of drug efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: duration of follow-up. Antimicrob A Chemother 11 :4271–4280.
Driessen GJA, Van Kerkhoven S, Schouwenberg BJJ, Bonsu G, Verhave JP, 2002. Sulfadoxine/pyriméthamine: an appropriate first-line alternative for the treatement of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children under 5 years of age. Trop Med Int Health 7 :577–583.
Henry MC, Niangue J, Kone M, 2002. Quel médicament pour traiter le paludisme simple quand la chloroquine devient inefficace dans l’ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire? Med Trop 62 :55–57.
World Health Organization, 2002. Monitoring Antimalarial Résistance. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Plowe CV, Djimdé A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-confering mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
Ranford-Cartwright LC, Johnston KL, Abdel-Muhsin AA, Khan B, Babiker HA, 2002. Critical comparison of molecular genotyping methods for detection of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :568–572.
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: Detection of polymorphisms in the Dihydrofolate reductase and Dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89 :1–8.
Decuypere S, Elinck E, Van Overmeir C, Talisuna AO, D’Alessandro U, Dujardin JC, 2003. Pathogen genotyping in polyclonal infection: application of a fluorogenic polymerase-chain-reaction assay in malaria. J Infect Dis 188 :1245–1249.
Ranford-Cartwright LC, Taylor J, Umasunthar T, Taylor LH, Babiker HA, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott JR, Lehman LG, Walliker D, Kremsner PG, 1997. Molecular analysis of recrudescent parasite in a Plasmodium falciparum drug efficacy trial in Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :719–724.
Guiguemdé TR, Aouba A, Ouédraogo JB, Lamizana L, 1994. Ten-year surveillance of drug-resistant malaria in Burkina Faso (1982–1991). Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :699–4.
Curtis J, Duraisingh MT, Trigg JK, Bwana H, Warhurst DC, Curtis CF, 1996. Direct evidence that asparagine at position 108 of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase is involved in resistance to antifolate drugs in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :678–680.
Deloron P, Mayombo J, Le Cardinal A, Mezui-Me-Ndong J, Bruz-Baert C, Lekoukou F, Elissa N, 2000. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :188–190.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu O, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimeth-amine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176 :1590–1596.
Diourté Y, Djimdé A, Doumbo OK, Sagara I, Coulibaly Y, Dicko A, Diallo M, Diakité M, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 1999. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine efficacy and selection for mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :475–478.
Von Seidlein L, Ouilligan P, Pinder M, et al., 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP): Rapport de la réunion de consensus sur le changement de politique de traitement du paludisme au Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou 21–23 Février 2005; 29 pp.
Foote SJ, Galatis D, Cowman AF, 1990. Amino acids in the dihydrofolate reductase- thymidilate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum involved in cycloguanil resistance differ from those involved in pyrimethamine resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 :3014–3017.
Peterson DS, Milhous WK, Wellems TE, 1990. Molecular basis of differential resistance to cycloguanil and pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 :3018–3022.
Aubouy A, Jafari S, Huart V, Migot-Nabias F, Mayombo J, Durand R, Bakary M, Lebras J, Deloron P, 2003. DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment efficacy. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 :43–49.
Wang P, Lee CS, Bayoumi R, Djimde A, Doumbo O, Swedberg G, Duc Dao L, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Watkins WM, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1997. Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 89 :161–177.
Mawili-Mboumba DP, Ekala MT, Lekoulou F, Ntoumi F, 2001. Molecular analysis of DHFR and DHPS genes in P. falciparum clinical isolates from the Haut-Ogooué region in Gabon. Acta Trop 78 :231–240.
Sirawaraporn W, Sathitkul S, Sirawaraporn R, Yuthavong Y, Santi DV, 1997. Antifolate-resistant mutants of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 :1124–1129.
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 1998. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Yaounde, Cameroon I. Analysis of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :369–373.
Parzy D, Doerig C, Pradines B, Rico A, Fusai T, Doury JC, 1997. Proguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum African isolates: Assessment by mutation-specific polymerase chain reaction and in vitro susceptibility testing. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :646–650.
Talisuna AO, Nalunkuma-kazibwe A, Langi P, Mutabinga TK, Watkins WW, Van Mark E, Egwang TG, D’Alessandro U, 2004. Two mutations in dihydrofolate reductase combined with one in the dihydropteroate synthase gene predict sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine parasitological failure in Ugandan children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Infect Genet Evol 4 :321–327.
Watkins WM, Mberu EK, Winstanley PA, Plowe CV, 1997. The efficacy of antifolate antimalarial combinations in Africa: a predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses. Parasitol Today 13 :459–464.
Nzila AM, Mberu EK, Sulo J, Dayo H, Winstanley PA, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites. Anti-micorb. Agent Chemother 44 :991–996.
Basco LK, Tahar R, Keundjian, Ringwald P, 2000. Sequence variations in the genes encoding dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase and clinical response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. J. Inf. Diseases 182 :624–628.
Bates JS, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Alloueche A, Bwika J, Happi TC, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Premji Z, Sibley CH, 2004. Rare, highly pyrimethamine-resistant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene from 5 African sites. J Infect Dis 190 :1783–1792.
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RAG, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plow CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
Doumbo OK, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Cortese JF, Diourte Y, Konare A, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, 2000. Rapid selection of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase mutants by pyrimethamine prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 182 :993–996.
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Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine efficacy was determined with a 28-day follow-up in 97 children between 6 months and 15 years of age. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected treatment failure was 8.2% and the uncorrected was 21.6%. The presence of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) mutations linked to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance before and after treatment was determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and by a fluorogenic PCR assay. Before treatment, the prevalence of the triple DHFR mutations was higher among the patients having had a recurrent parasitemia (either recrudescence or new infection; 28.6% versus 9.3%), although the difference was not significant (P = 0.1). The double mutation Ala-436/Gly-437 was observed in 67% of samples, whereas no Glu-540 mutation was found. After treatment, the triple DHFR mutation was found in 76.2% of patients with recurrent parasitemia, recrudescence, and new infection alike. Such high prevalence of mutant parasites indicates that sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine should not be used as monotherapy.
Tinto H, Zoungrana EB, Coulibaly SO, Ouédraogo JB, Traoré M, Guiguemdé TR, Van Marck E, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Chloroquine and sulphadoxine efficacy for uncomplicated malaria treatement and haematological recovery in children in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso during a 3-year period 1998–2000. Trop Med Int Health 7 :925–930.
Shretta R, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Snow RW, 2000. Using evidence to change antimalarial drug policy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 5 :755–764.
Bzik DJ, Li WB, Horii T, Inselburg J, 1987. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase–thymidylate synthase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 :8360–8364.
Biswas S, Escalante A, Chaiyaroj S, Angkasekwinai P, Lal AA, 2000. Prevalence of point mutations in the dihydrofolate re-ductase and dihydrofolate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India and Thailand: a molecular epidemiologic study. Top Med Int Health 10 :773–743.
Triglia T, Cowman AF, 1994. Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 :7149–7153
Brooks DR, Wang P, Read M, Watkins WM, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1994. Sequence variation of the dihydromethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance sulfadoxine. Eur J Biochem 224 :397–405.
Sirima SB, Sawadogo R, Moran AC, Konate A, Diarra A, Yameogo M, Parise ME, Newman RD, 2003. Failure of a chloroquine chemoprophylaxis program to adequately prevent malaria during pregnancy in Koupela district, Burkina Faso. Clin Infect Dis 36 :1374–1382.
Kayentao K, Kodio M, Newman RD, Maiga H, Doumtabe D, Ongoiba A, Coulibaly D, Keita AS, Maiga B, Mungay M, Parise ME, Doumbo O, 2005. Comparison of intermittent preventive treatment with chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of malaria druing pregnancy in Mali. J Inf Dis 191 :109–116.
World Health Organization, 1996. Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Antimalarial Drugs for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Areas with Intense Transmission. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Stepniewska K, Taylor WRJ, Mayxay M, Price R, Smithuis F, Guthmann JP, Barnes K, Myint HY, Adjuik M, Olliaro P, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Farar J, Nosten F, Day NPJ, White NJ, 2004. In vivo assessment of drug efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: duration of follow-up. Antimicrob A Chemother 11 :4271–4280.
Driessen GJA, Van Kerkhoven S, Schouwenberg BJJ, Bonsu G, Verhave JP, 2002. Sulfadoxine/pyriméthamine: an appropriate first-line alternative for the treatement of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children under 5 years of age. Trop Med Int Health 7 :577–583.
Henry MC, Niangue J, Kone M, 2002. Quel médicament pour traiter le paludisme simple quand la chloroquine devient inefficace dans l’ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire? Med Trop 62 :55–57.
World Health Organization, 2002. Monitoring Antimalarial Résistance. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Plowe CV, Djimdé A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-confering mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
Ranford-Cartwright LC, Johnston KL, Abdel-Muhsin AA, Khan B, Babiker HA, 2002. Critical comparison of molecular genotyping methods for detection of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :568–572.
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: Detection of polymorphisms in the Dihydrofolate reductase and Dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89 :1–8.
Decuypere S, Elinck E, Van Overmeir C, Talisuna AO, D’Alessandro U, Dujardin JC, 2003. Pathogen genotyping in polyclonal infection: application of a fluorogenic polymerase-chain-reaction assay in malaria. J Infect Dis 188 :1245–1249.
Ranford-Cartwright LC, Taylor J, Umasunthar T, Taylor LH, Babiker HA, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott JR, Lehman LG, Walliker D, Kremsner PG, 1997. Molecular analysis of recrudescent parasite in a Plasmodium falciparum drug efficacy trial in Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :719–724.
Guiguemdé TR, Aouba A, Ouédraogo JB, Lamizana L, 1994. Ten-year surveillance of drug-resistant malaria in Burkina Faso (1982–1991). Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :699–4.
Curtis J, Duraisingh MT, Trigg JK, Bwana H, Warhurst DC, Curtis CF, 1996. Direct evidence that asparagine at position 108 of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase is involved in resistance to antifolate drugs in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :678–680.
Deloron P, Mayombo J, Le Cardinal A, Mezui-Me-Ndong J, Bruz-Baert C, Lekoukou F, Elissa N, 2000. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :188–190.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu O, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimeth-amine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176 :1590–1596.
Diourté Y, Djimdé A, Doumbo OK, Sagara I, Coulibaly Y, Dicko A, Diallo M, Diakité M, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 1999. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine efficacy and selection for mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :475–478.
Von Seidlein L, Ouilligan P, Pinder M, et al., 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP): Rapport de la réunion de consensus sur le changement de politique de traitement du paludisme au Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou 21–23 Février 2005; 29 pp.
Foote SJ, Galatis D, Cowman AF, 1990. Amino acids in the dihydrofolate reductase- thymidilate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum involved in cycloguanil resistance differ from those involved in pyrimethamine resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 :3014–3017.
Peterson DS, Milhous WK, Wellems TE, 1990. Molecular basis of differential resistance to cycloguanil and pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 :3018–3022.
Aubouy A, Jafari S, Huart V, Migot-Nabias F, Mayombo J, Durand R, Bakary M, Lebras J, Deloron P, 2003. DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment efficacy. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 :43–49.
Wang P, Lee CS, Bayoumi R, Djimde A, Doumbo O, Swedberg G, Duc Dao L, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Watkins WM, Sims PFG, Hyde JE, 1997. Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 89 :161–177.
Mawili-Mboumba DP, Ekala MT, Lekoulou F, Ntoumi F, 2001. Molecular analysis of DHFR and DHPS genes in P. falciparum clinical isolates from the Haut-Ogooué region in Gabon. Acta Trop 78 :231–240.
Sirawaraporn W, Sathitkul S, Sirawaraporn R, Yuthavong Y, Santi DV, 1997. Antifolate-resistant mutants of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 :1124–1129.
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 1998. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Yaounde, Cameroon I. Analysis of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :369–373.
Parzy D, Doerig C, Pradines B, Rico A, Fusai T, Doury JC, 1997. Proguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum African isolates: Assessment by mutation-specific polymerase chain reaction and in vitro susceptibility testing. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :646–650.
Talisuna AO, Nalunkuma-kazibwe A, Langi P, Mutabinga TK, Watkins WW, Van Mark E, Egwang TG, D’Alessandro U, 2004. Two mutations in dihydrofolate reductase combined with one in the dihydropteroate synthase gene predict sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine parasitological failure in Ugandan children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Infect Genet Evol 4 :321–327.
Watkins WM, Mberu EK, Winstanley PA, Plowe CV, 1997. The efficacy of antifolate antimalarial combinations in Africa: a predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses. Parasitol Today 13 :459–464.
Nzila AM, Mberu EK, Sulo J, Dayo H, Winstanley PA, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites. Anti-micorb. Agent Chemother 44 :991–996.
Basco LK, Tahar R, Keundjian, Ringwald P, 2000. Sequence variations in the genes encoding dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase and clinical response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. J. Inf. Diseases 182 :624–628.
Bates JS, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Alloueche A, Bwika J, Happi TC, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Premji Z, Sibley CH, 2004. Rare, highly pyrimethamine-resistant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene from 5 African sites. J Infect Dis 190 :1783–1792.
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RAG, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plow CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
Doumbo OK, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Cortese JF, Diourte Y, Konare A, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, 2000. Rapid selection of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase mutants by pyrimethamine prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 182 :993–996.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 684 | 607 | 126 |
Full Text Views | 230 | 11 | 2 |
PDF Downloads | 72 | 7 | 2 |