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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
DuPont HL, Formal SB, Hornick RB, Snyder MJ, Libonati JP, Sheahan DG, LaBrec EH, Kolas JP, 1971. Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli diarrhea. N Engl J Med 285 :1–9.
-
2
Akinyemi KO, Oyefolu AO, Opere B, Otunba-Payne VA, Oworu AO, 1998. Escherichia coli in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Lagos, Nigeria. East Afr Med J 75 :512–515.
-
3
Katouli M, Jaafari A, Farhoudi-Moghaddam AA, Ketabi GR, 1990. Aetiological studies of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in Iran. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–27.
-
4
Kim KH, Suh IS, Kim JM, Kim CW, Cho YJ, 1989. Etiology of childhood diarrhea in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 27 :1192–1196.
-
5
Lee CL, Chiou SI, Liu TP, Pan TM, 1997. Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli in Taiwan. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 30 :55–59.
-
6
Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Steinruck H, Kaper JB, 2000. Characterization of Escherichia coli strains from cases of childhood diarrhea in provincial southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 38 :7–12.
-
7
Orlandi PP, Silva T, Magalhaes GF, Alves F, de Almeida Cunha RP, Durlacher R, da Silva LH, 2001. Enteropathogens associated with diarrheal disease in infants of poor urban areas of Porto Velho, Rondonia: a preliminary study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :621–625.
-
8
Pabst WL, Altwegg M, Kind C, Mirjanic S, Hardegger D, Nadal D, 2003. Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhea in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2289–2293.
-
9
Rappelli P, Folgosa E, Solinas ML, Dacosta JL, Pisanu C, Sidat M, Melo J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM, 2005. Pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhea in Maputo, Mozambique. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43 :67–72.
-
10
Regua-Mangia AH, Gomes TA, Vieira MA, Andrade JR, Irino K, Teixeira LM, 2004. Frequency and characteristics of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with and without diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Infect 48 :161–167.
-
11
Shehabi AA, Bulos NK, Hajjaj KG, 2003. Characterization of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolates in Jordanian children. Scand J Infect Dis 35 :368–371.
-
12
Sunthadvanich R, Chiewsilp D, Seriwatana J, Sakazaki R, Echeverria P, 1990. Nationwide surveillance program to identify diarrhea-causing Escherichia coli in children in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 28 :469–472.
-
13
Taylor DN, Houston R, Shlim DR, Bhaibulaya M, Ungar BL, Echeverria P, 1988. Etiology of diarrhea among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal. JAMA 260 :1245–1248.
-
14
Teng LJ, Hsueh PR, Liaw SJ, Ho SW, Tsai JC, 2004. Genetic detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with sporadic diarrhea. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 37 :327–334.
-
15
Tornieporth NG, John J, Salgado K, de Jesus P, Latham E, Melo MC, Gunzburg ST, Riley LW 1995. Differentiation of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Brazilian children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1371–1374.
-
16
Torres ME, Pirez MC, Schelotto F, Varlea G, Parodi V, Allende F, Falconi E, Dell’Acqua L, Gaione P, Mendez MV, Ferrari AM, Montano A, Zanetta E, Acuna AM, Chiparelli H, Ingold E, 2001. Etiology of children’s diarrhea in Montevideo, Uruguay: associated pathogens and unusual isolates. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2134–2139.
-
17
Valentiner-Branth P, Steinsland H, Fischer TK, Perch M, Scheutz F, Aaby P, Molbak K, Sommerfelt H, 2003. Cohort study of Guinean children: incidence, pathogenicity, conferred protection, and attributable risk for enteropathogens during the first 2 years of life. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4238–4245.
-
18
Youssef M, Shurman A, Bougnoux M, Rawashdeh M, Bretagne S, Strockbine N, 2000. Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern Jordan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 28 :257–263.
-
19
Kain KC, Barteluk RL, Kelly MT, He X, de Hua G, Ge YA, Proctor EM, Byrne S, Stiver HG, 1991. Etiology of childhood diarrhea in Beijing, China. J Clin Microbiol 29 :90–95.
-
20
Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Sethabutr O, Pitarangsi C, Leksomboon U, Blacklow NR, Rowe B, Gross R, Cross J, 1988. Clinical and microbiologic features of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infections detected by DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 26 :1362–1366.
-
21
Faundez G, Figueroa G, Troncoso M, Cabello FC, 1988. Characterization of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Chile. J Clin Microbiol 26 :928–932.
-
22
Altwegg M, Perschil I, Gruner E, 1997. Molecular biology detection and antibiotic sensitivities of Shigella spp. and entero-invasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) in patients returning from the tropics. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 86 :348–351.
-
23
Gassama-Sow A, Sow PS, Gueye M, Gueye-N’diaye A, Perret JL, M’boup S, Aidara-Kane A, 2004. Characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea in Senegal. J Infect Dis 189 :75–78.
-
24
Meqdam MM, Youssef MT, Rawashdeh MO, Al-khdour MS. 1997. Non-seasonal viral and bacterial episode of diarrhoea in the Jordan Valley, West of Jordan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 18 :133–138.
-
25
Cortes-Ortiz IA, Rodriguez-Angeles G, Moreno-Escobar EA, Tenorio-Lara JM, Torres-Mazadiego BP, Montiel-Vazquez E, 2002. Outbreak caused by Escherichia coli in Chalco, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 44 :297–302.
-
26
Nguyen TV, Le Van P, Le Huy C, Gia KN, Weintraub A, 2005. Detection and characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 43 :755–760.
-
27
Ratchtrachenchai OA, Subpasu S, Hayashi H, Ba-Thein W, 2004. Prevalence of childhood diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli in Thailand. J Med Microbiol 53 :237–243.
-
28
Svenungsson B, Lagergren A, Ekwall E, Evengard B, Hedlund KO, Karnell A, Lofdahl S, Svensson L, Weiantraub A, 2000. Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 30 :770–778.
-
29
Rival L, 2003. The meanings of forest governance in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Oxf Dev Stud 31 :479–501.
-
30
Sierra R, 1999. Traditional resource-use systems and tropical deforestation in a multi-ethnic region in North-west Ecuador. Environ Conserv 26 :136–145.
-
31
Whitten NE, 1974. Black Frontiersmen: A South American Case. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub. Co.
-
32
Zhang Y, Yakrus MA, Graviss EA, Williams-Bouyer N, Turenne C, Kabani A, Wallace RJ, Jr, 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis study of Mycobacterium abscessus isolates previously affected by DNA degradation. J Clin Microbiol 42 :5582–5587.
-
33
Gordillo ME, Reeve GR, Pappas J, Mathewson JJ, DuPont HL, Murray BE, 1992. Molecular characterization of strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O143, including isolates from a large outbreak in Houston, Texas. J Clin Microbiol 30 :889–893.
-
34
Harris JR, Mariano J, Wells JG, Payne BJ, Donnell HD, Cohen ML, 1985. Person-to-person transmission in an outbreak of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Am J Epidemiol 122 :245–252.
-
35
Ozbonfil D, Cohen D, Ohad E, Sechter I, 1990. An outbreak of enteritis associated with enteroinvasive E. coli in an Israeli military base. Public Health Rev 18 :171–177.
-
36
She SL, 1989. An outbreak of diarrhoea in newborns caused by EIEC. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 10 :333–336.
-
37
Sobotkova J, Hausner O, Aldova E, Jiskrova R, Maskova L, 1984. An epidemic of diarrhea caused by enteroinvasive sero-types of Escherichia coli O28 ac (Ca 792). Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 33 :315.
-
38
Marier R, Wells JG, Swanson RC, Dalthan W, Mehlman IJ, 1973. An outbreak of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne disease traced to imported French cheese. Lancet ii :1376–1378.
-
39
Snyder JD, Wells JG, Yashuk J, Puhr N, Blake PA, 1984. Outbreak of invasive Escherichia coli gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :281–284.
-
40
Yamamura K, Sumi N, Egashira Y, Fukuoka I, Motomura S, Tsuchida R, 1992. Food poisoning caused by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (O164:H−)—a case in which the causative agent was identified. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 66 :761–768.
-
41
Yang SZ, 1986. An outbreak of food poisoning due to enteroinvasive E. coli. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 7 :129–131.
-
42
Beutin L, Gleier K, Kontny I, Echeverria P, Scheutz F, 1997. Origin and characteristics of enteroinvasive strains of Escherichia coli (EIEC) isolated in Germany. Epidemiol Infect 118 :199–205.
-
43
Llovet T, Coll P, March F, Montserrat I, Atela I, Mirelis B, Prats G, 1995. Comparison of macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping with conventional methods for differentiation of Escherichia coli O124 isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 1 :127–133.
-
44
Jallat C, Livrelli V, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Rich C, Joly B, 1993. Escherichia coli strains involved in diarrhea in France: high prevalence and heterogeneity of diffusely adhering strains. J Clin Microbiol 31 :2031–2037.
-
45
Pupo GM, Lan R, Reeves PR, 2000. Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 :10567–10572.
-
46
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142–201.
-
47
Sarantuya J, Nishi J, Wakimoto N, Erdene S, Nataro JP, Sheikh J, Iwashita M, Mango K, Tokuda K, Yoshinaga M, Miyata K, Kawano Y, 2004. Typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the most prevalent pathotype among E. coli strains causing diarrhea in Mongolian children. J Clin Microbiol 42 :133–139.
-
48
DuPont HL, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Formal SB, 1989. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis 159 :1126–1128.
-
49
Hsia RC, Small PL, Bavoil PM, 1993. Characterization of virulence genes of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by TnphoA mutagenesis: identification of invX, a gene required for entry into HEp-2 cells. J Bacteriol 175 :4817–4823.
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HIGH PREVALENCE OF ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED IN A REMOTE REGION OF NORTHERN COASTAL ECUADOR
NADIA VIEIRA
NADIA VIEIRA
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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SARAH J. BATES
SARAH J. BATES
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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OWEN D. SOLBERG
OWEN D. SOLBERG
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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KARINA PONCE
KARINA PONCE
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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REBECCA HOWSMON
REBECCA HOWSMON
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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WILLIAM CEVALLOS
WILLIAM CEVALLOS
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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GABRIEL TRUEBA
GABRIEL TRUEBA
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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LEE RILEY
LEE RILEY
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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JOSEPH N. S. EISENBERG
JOSEPH N. S. EISENBERG
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Vía Interoceánica, Círculo Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; School of Public Health and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) causes dysentery; however, it is less widely reported than other etiological agents in studies of diarrhea worldwide. Between August 2003 and July 2005, stool samples were collected in case-control studies in 22 rural communities in northwestern Ecuador. Infection was assessed by PCR specific for LT and STa genes of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), the bfp gene of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the ipaH gene of both enteroinvasive E. coli and Shigellae. The pathogenic E. coli most frequently identified were EIEC (3.2 cases/100 persons) and Shigellae (1.5 cases/100 persons), followed by ETEC (1.3 cases/100 persons), and EPEC (0.9 case/100 persons). EIEC exhibited similar risk-factor relationships with other pathotypes analyzed but different age-specific infection rates. EIEC was the predominant diarrheagenic bacteria isolated in our community-based study, a unique observation compared with other regions of the world.
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-
1
DuPont HL, Formal SB, Hornick RB, Snyder MJ, Libonati JP, Sheahan DG, LaBrec EH, Kolas JP, 1971. Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli diarrhea. N Engl J Med 285 :1–9.
-
2
Akinyemi KO, Oyefolu AO, Opere B, Otunba-Payne VA, Oworu AO, 1998. Escherichia coli in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Lagos, Nigeria. East Afr Med J 75 :512–515.
-
3
Katouli M, Jaafari A, Farhoudi-Moghaddam AA, Ketabi GR, 1990. Aetiological studies of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in Iran. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–27.
-
4
Kim KH, Suh IS, Kim JM, Kim CW, Cho YJ, 1989. Etiology of childhood diarrhea in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 27 :1192–1196.
-
5
Lee CL, Chiou SI, Liu TP, Pan TM, 1997. Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli in Taiwan. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 30 :55–59.
-
6
Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Steinruck H, Kaper JB, 2000. Characterization of Escherichia coli strains from cases of childhood diarrhea in provincial southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 38 :7–12.
-
7
Orlandi PP, Silva T, Magalhaes GF, Alves F, de Almeida Cunha RP, Durlacher R, da Silva LH, 2001. Enteropathogens associated with diarrheal disease in infants of poor urban areas of Porto Velho, Rondonia: a preliminary study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :621–625.
-
8
Pabst WL, Altwegg M, Kind C, Mirjanic S, Hardegger D, Nadal D, 2003. Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhea in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2289–2293.
-
9
Rappelli P, Folgosa E, Solinas ML, Dacosta JL, Pisanu C, Sidat M, Melo J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM, 2005. Pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhea in Maputo, Mozambique. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43 :67–72.
-
10
Regua-Mangia AH, Gomes TA, Vieira MA, Andrade JR, Irino K, Teixeira LM, 2004. Frequency and characteristics of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with and without diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Infect 48 :161–167.
-
11
Shehabi AA, Bulos NK, Hajjaj KG, 2003. Characterization of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolates in Jordanian children. Scand J Infect Dis 35 :368–371.
-
12
Sunthadvanich R, Chiewsilp D, Seriwatana J, Sakazaki R, Echeverria P, 1990. Nationwide surveillance program to identify diarrhea-causing Escherichia coli in children in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 28 :469–472.
-
13
Taylor DN, Houston R, Shlim DR, Bhaibulaya M, Ungar BL, Echeverria P, 1988. Etiology of diarrhea among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal. JAMA 260 :1245–1248.
-
14
Teng LJ, Hsueh PR, Liaw SJ, Ho SW, Tsai JC, 2004. Genetic detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with sporadic diarrhea. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 37 :327–334.
-
15
Tornieporth NG, John J, Salgado K, de Jesus P, Latham E, Melo MC, Gunzburg ST, Riley LW 1995. Differentiation of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Brazilian children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1371–1374.
-
16
Torres ME, Pirez MC, Schelotto F, Varlea G, Parodi V, Allende F, Falconi E, Dell’Acqua L, Gaione P, Mendez MV, Ferrari AM, Montano A, Zanetta E, Acuna AM, Chiparelli H, Ingold E, 2001. Etiology of children’s diarrhea in Montevideo, Uruguay: associated pathogens and unusual isolates. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2134–2139.
-
17
Valentiner-Branth P, Steinsland H, Fischer TK, Perch M, Scheutz F, Aaby P, Molbak K, Sommerfelt H, 2003. Cohort study of Guinean children: incidence, pathogenicity, conferred protection, and attributable risk for enteropathogens during the first 2 years of life. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4238–4245.
-
18
Youssef M, Shurman A, Bougnoux M, Rawashdeh M, Bretagne S, Strockbine N, 2000. Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern Jordan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 28 :257–263.
-
19
Kain KC, Barteluk RL, Kelly MT, He X, de Hua G, Ge YA, Proctor EM, Byrne S, Stiver HG, 1991. Etiology of childhood diarrhea in Beijing, China. J Clin Microbiol 29 :90–95.
-
20
Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Sethabutr O, Pitarangsi C, Leksomboon U, Blacklow NR, Rowe B, Gross R, Cross J, 1988. Clinical and microbiologic features of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infections detected by DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 26 :1362–1366.
-
21
Faundez G, Figueroa G, Troncoso M, Cabello FC, 1988. Characterization of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Chile. J Clin Microbiol 26 :928–932.
-
22
Altwegg M, Perschil I, Gruner E, 1997. Molecular biology detection and antibiotic sensitivities of Shigella spp. and entero-invasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) in patients returning from the tropics. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 86 :348–351.
-
23
Gassama-Sow A, Sow PS, Gueye M, Gueye-N’diaye A, Perret JL, M’boup S, Aidara-Kane A, 2004. Characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea in Senegal. J Infect Dis 189 :75–78.
-
24
Meqdam MM, Youssef MT, Rawashdeh MO, Al-khdour MS. 1997. Non-seasonal viral and bacterial episode of diarrhoea in the Jordan Valley, West of Jordan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 18 :133–138.
-
25
Cortes-Ortiz IA, Rodriguez-Angeles G, Moreno-Escobar EA, Tenorio-Lara JM, Torres-Mazadiego BP, Montiel-Vazquez E, 2002. Outbreak caused by Escherichia coli in Chalco, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 44 :297–302.
-
26
Nguyen TV, Le Van P, Le Huy C, Gia KN, Weintraub A, 2005. Detection and characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 43 :755–760.
-
27
Ratchtrachenchai OA, Subpasu S, Hayashi H, Ba-Thein W, 2004. Prevalence of childhood diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli in Thailand. J Med Microbiol 53 :237–243.
-
28
Svenungsson B, Lagergren A, Ekwall E, Evengard B, Hedlund KO, Karnell A, Lofdahl S, Svensson L, Weiantraub A, 2000. Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 30 :770–778.
-
29
Rival L, 2003. The meanings of forest governance in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Oxf Dev Stud 31 :479–501.
-
30
Sierra R, 1999. Traditional resource-use systems and tropical deforestation in a multi-ethnic region in North-west Ecuador. Environ Conserv 26 :136–145.
-
31
Whitten NE, 1974. Black Frontiersmen: A South American Case. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub. Co.
-
32
Zhang Y, Yakrus MA, Graviss EA, Williams-Bouyer N, Turenne C, Kabani A, Wallace RJ, Jr, 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis study of Mycobacterium abscessus isolates previously affected by DNA degradation. J Clin Microbiol 42 :5582–5587.
-
33
Gordillo ME, Reeve GR, Pappas J, Mathewson JJ, DuPont HL, Murray BE, 1992. Molecular characterization of strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O143, including isolates from a large outbreak in Houston, Texas. J Clin Microbiol 30 :889–893.
-
34
Harris JR, Mariano J, Wells JG, Payne BJ, Donnell HD, Cohen ML, 1985. Person-to-person transmission in an outbreak of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Am J Epidemiol 122 :245–252.
-
35
Ozbonfil D, Cohen D, Ohad E, Sechter I, 1990. An outbreak of enteritis associated with enteroinvasive E. coli in an Israeli military base. Public Health Rev 18 :171–177.
-
36
She SL, 1989. An outbreak of diarrhoea in newborns caused by EIEC. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 10 :333–336.
-
37
Sobotkova J, Hausner O, Aldova E, Jiskrova R, Maskova L, 1984. An epidemic of diarrhea caused by enteroinvasive sero-types of Escherichia coli O28 ac (Ca 792). Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 33 :315.
-
38
Marier R, Wells JG, Swanson RC, Dalthan W, Mehlman IJ, 1973. An outbreak of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne disease traced to imported French cheese. Lancet ii :1376–1378.
-
39
Snyder JD, Wells JG, Yashuk J, Puhr N, Blake PA, 1984. Outbreak of invasive Escherichia coli gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :281–284.
-
40
Yamamura K, Sumi N, Egashira Y, Fukuoka I, Motomura S, Tsuchida R, 1992. Food poisoning caused by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (O164:H−)—a case in which the causative agent was identified. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 66 :761–768.
-
41
Yang SZ, 1986. An outbreak of food poisoning due to enteroinvasive E. coli. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 7 :129–131.
-
42
Beutin L, Gleier K, Kontny I, Echeverria P, Scheutz F, 1997. Origin and characteristics of enteroinvasive strains of Escherichia coli (EIEC) isolated in Germany. Epidemiol Infect 118 :199–205.
-
43
Llovet T, Coll P, March F, Montserrat I, Atela I, Mirelis B, Prats G, 1995. Comparison of macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping with conventional methods for differentiation of Escherichia coli O124 isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 1 :127–133.
-
44
Jallat C, Livrelli V, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Rich C, Joly B, 1993. Escherichia coli strains involved in diarrhea in France: high prevalence and heterogeneity of diffusely adhering strains. J Clin Microbiol 31 :2031–2037.
-
45
Pupo GM, Lan R, Reeves PR, 2000. Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 :10567–10572.
-
46
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142–201.
-
47
Sarantuya J, Nishi J, Wakimoto N, Erdene S, Nataro JP, Sheikh J, Iwashita M, Mango K, Tokuda K, Yoshinaga M, Miyata K, Kawano Y, 2004. Typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the most prevalent pathotype among E. coli strains causing diarrhea in Mongolian children. J Clin Microbiol 42 :133–139.
-
48
DuPont HL, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Formal SB, 1989. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis 159 :1126–1128.
-
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