Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, and the WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group, 2005. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365 :1147–1152.
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The magnitude of the global burden of diarrhea from studies published 1992–2000. Bull World Health Organ 81 :197–204.
Hamer DH, Simon F, Thea D, Keush GT, 1998. Childhood diarrhea in Sub-Saharan Africa. Child Health Research Project Special Report 2 :1–32.
Bern C, Martines J, de Joysa I, Glass RI, 1992. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoea disease. Bull World Health Organ 70 :705–714.
Victoria GC, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R, 2000. Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1246–1255.
Durley A, Shenoy A, Faruque AS, Suskind R, Ahmed T, 2004. Impact of a standardized management protocol on mortality of children with diarrhoea: an update of risk factors for childhood death. J Trop Pediatr 50 :271–275.
Dgedge M, Novoa A, Macassa G, Sacarlal J, Black J, Michaud C, Cliff J, 2001. The Burden of disease in Maputo City, Mozambique: registered and autopsied deaths in 1994. Bull World Health Organ 79 :546–552.
Gascon J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Mshinda H, Vila J, 2000. Diarrhea in children under five years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania: Case-control study. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4459–4462.
Vargas M, Gascon J, Casals C, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Kahigwa E, Ruiz J, Vila J, 2004. Etiology of diarrhea in children less than five years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :536–539.
Huilan S, Zhen LG, Mathan MM, Mathew MM, Olarte J, Espejo R, Khin MU, Ghafoor MA, Khan MA, Sami Z, Sutton RG, 1991. Etiology of acute diarrhoea among children in developing countries: A multicentre study in five countries. Bull World Health Organ 69 :549–555.
Okeke IN, Ojo O, Lamikanra A, Kapper JB, 2003. Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4525–4530.
Vila J, Vargas M, Casals C, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Schellenberg D, Gascon J, 1999. Antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children under the age of 5 years from Ifakara, Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :3022–3024.
Shapiro RL, Kumar L, Phillips-Howard P, Wells JG, Adcock P, Brooks J, Ackers ML, Ochieng JB, Mintz E, Wahlquist S, Waiyaki P, Slutsker L, 2001. Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western Kenya. J Infect Dis 183 :1701–1704.
Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, Thielman NM, Slutsker L, Tauve RV, Hennessy T, Griffin PM, DuPont H, Sack RB, Tharr P, Neill M, Nachamkin I, Reller RB, Osterholm MT, Bennish ML, Pickerring LK, 2001. Pratice guidelines for the managment of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 32 :31–51.
Casburn-Jones AC, Farthing MJ, 2004. Management of infectious diarrhoea. Gut 53 :296–305.
Loscertales MP, Roca A, Ventura PJ, Abacassamo F, Dos Santos F, Sitaube M, Menedez C, Greenwoob BM, Saiz JC, Alonso P, 2002. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a rural area of southern Mozambique. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21 :148–155.
Network INDEPTH, 2004. INDEPTH Model Life Tables for Sub-Saharan Africa. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Alonso PL, Smith L, Schellenberg JR, Masanja H, Mwankusye S, Urassa H, Bastos de Azevedo I, Chongera J, Kobero S, Menendez C, Hurt N, Thomas MC, Lyimo E, Weiss NA, Hayes R, Kitua AY, Lopez MC, Kilama WL, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1994. Randomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Lancet 344 :1175–1181.
Vargas M, Gascon J, Gallardo F, Jimenez De Anta MT, Vila J, 1998. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains detected by PCR in patients with traveler diarrhea. Clin Microbiol Infect 4 :682–688.
Rohner P, Pittet D, Pepey B, Nije-Kinge T, Auckenthaler R, 1997. Etiological agents of infectious diarrhea: implications for requests for microbial culture. J Clin Microbiol 35 :1427–1432.
Reisinger EC, Fritzsche C, Krause R, Krejs GJ, 2005. Diarrhea caused by primarily non-gastroentistinal infections. Nature Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 :216–222.
Rappelli P, Folgosa E, Solinas ML, Da Costa JL, Pisanu C, Sidat M, Melo J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM, 2005. Pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhoea in Maputo, Mozambique. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43 :67–72.
Pabst WL, Altwegg M, Kind C, Mirjanic S, Hardegger D, Nadal D, 2003. Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhoea in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2289–2293.
Valentiner-Branth P, Steinsland H, Fischer TK, Perch M, Scheutz F, Dias F, Aabay P, Mølbak K, Sommerfelt H, 2003. Cohort study of Guinean children: incidence, pathogenicity, conferred protection, and attributable risk for enteropathogens during the first 2 years of life. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4238–4245.
Albert MJ, Faruque SM, Faruque AS, Neogi PKB, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan MA, Alam K, Akbar MS, 1995. Controlled study of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 33 :973–977.
Galane PM, Le Roux M, 2001. Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli isolated from young South African children with diarrhoeal diseases. J Health Popul Nutr 19 :31–38.
Effler P, Isaacson M, Arntzen L, Heenan R, Canter P, Barrett T, Lee L, Mambo C, Levine W, Zaidi A, Griffin PM, 2001. Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :812–819.
Cunin P, Tedjouka E, Germani Y, Ncharre C, Bercion R, Morvan J, Martin PMA, 1999. An epidemic of bloody diarrhea: Escherichia coli O157 emerging in Cameroon? Emerg Infect Dis 5 :285–290.
Presterl E, Zwick RH, Reichmann S, Aichelburg A, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Graninger W, 2003. Frequency and virulence properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :406–410.
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142–201.
Steele AD, Peenze I, de Beer MC, Pager CT, Yeats J, Potgieter N, Ramsaroop U, Page NA, Mitchell JO, Geyer A, Bos P, Alexander JJ, 2003. Anticipating rotavirus vaccine: Epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine 21 :354–360.
Parashar UD, Bresee JS, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, 1998. Rotavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :561–570.
Anderson EJ, Weber SG, 2004. Rotavirus infectious in adults. Lancet Infect Dis 4 :91–99.
Urio EM, Collison EK, Gashe BA, Sebunya TH, Mpuchane S, 2001. Shigella and Salmonella strains isolated from children under 5 years of age in Gaborone, Botswana, and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Trop Med Intern Health 6 :55–59.
Navia MM, Capitano L, Ruiz J, Vargas M, Urassa H, Schellen-berg D, Gascon J, Vila J, 1999. Typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistence of Shigella spp isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. J Clin Microbiol 37 :3113–3117.
Oyofo BA, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Machpud N, Komalarini S, Setiawan B, Simanjuntak C, Punjabi N, Corwin AL, Wasfy M, Campbell JR, Lesmana M, 2002. Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta, Indonesia. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35 :139– 146.
Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, Mulenga V, Sinyinza F, Lishimpi K, Farrelly L, Kaganson N, Zumba A, Gillespie SH, Nunn AJ, Gibb DM, CHAP trial team, 2004. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364 :1865–1871.
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Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in sub-Saharan Africa and one of the main causes of hospital admissions in rural areas. Stool samples were collected from 529 children admitted with diarrhea to the Manhiça District Hospital (September 2000 to September 2001) and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and virus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, isolated from 120 samples (22.6%; enteropathogenic [9.6%], enterotoxigenic [6.8%], enteroaggregative [4.3%], and verotoxigenic [1.9%]) was the most frequently isolated pathogen, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (9.3%). Others detected included Salmonella spp. and Giardia lamblia (2.5% each) and Campylobacter spp. (1.7%). A. lumbricoides (92% versus 8%; P < 0.001) and Strongyloides stercolaris (100% versus 0%; P = 0.008) were most frequently isolated in children older than 12 months of age. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole and ampicillin was high. Etiologic data on diarrheal diseases and susceptibility patterns of diarrheal pathogens are important tools for clinical management and control strategic planning.
Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, and the WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group, 2005. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365 :1147–1152.
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The magnitude of the global burden of diarrhea from studies published 1992–2000. Bull World Health Organ 81 :197–204.
Hamer DH, Simon F, Thea D, Keush GT, 1998. Childhood diarrhea in Sub-Saharan Africa. Child Health Research Project Special Report 2 :1–32.
Bern C, Martines J, de Joysa I, Glass RI, 1992. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoea disease. Bull World Health Organ 70 :705–714.
Victoria GC, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R, 2000. Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1246–1255.
Durley A, Shenoy A, Faruque AS, Suskind R, Ahmed T, 2004. Impact of a standardized management protocol on mortality of children with diarrhoea: an update of risk factors for childhood death. J Trop Pediatr 50 :271–275.
Dgedge M, Novoa A, Macassa G, Sacarlal J, Black J, Michaud C, Cliff J, 2001. The Burden of disease in Maputo City, Mozambique: registered and autopsied deaths in 1994. Bull World Health Organ 79 :546–552.
Gascon J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Mshinda H, Vila J, 2000. Diarrhea in children under five years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania: Case-control study. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4459–4462.
Vargas M, Gascon J, Casals C, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Kahigwa E, Ruiz J, Vila J, 2004. Etiology of diarrhea in children less than five years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :536–539.
Huilan S, Zhen LG, Mathan MM, Mathew MM, Olarte J, Espejo R, Khin MU, Ghafoor MA, Khan MA, Sami Z, Sutton RG, 1991. Etiology of acute diarrhoea among children in developing countries: A multicentre study in five countries. Bull World Health Organ 69 :549–555.
Okeke IN, Ojo O, Lamikanra A, Kapper JB, 2003. Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4525–4530.
Vila J, Vargas M, Casals C, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Schellenberg D, Gascon J, 1999. Antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children under the age of 5 years from Ifakara, Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :3022–3024.
Shapiro RL, Kumar L, Phillips-Howard P, Wells JG, Adcock P, Brooks J, Ackers ML, Ochieng JB, Mintz E, Wahlquist S, Waiyaki P, Slutsker L, 2001. Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western Kenya. J Infect Dis 183 :1701–1704.
Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, Thielman NM, Slutsker L, Tauve RV, Hennessy T, Griffin PM, DuPont H, Sack RB, Tharr P, Neill M, Nachamkin I, Reller RB, Osterholm MT, Bennish ML, Pickerring LK, 2001. Pratice guidelines for the managment of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 32 :31–51.
Casburn-Jones AC, Farthing MJ, 2004. Management of infectious diarrhoea. Gut 53 :296–305.
Loscertales MP, Roca A, Ventura PJ, Abacassamo F, Dos Santos F, Sitaube M, Menedez C, Greenwoob BM, Saiz JC, Alonso P, 2002. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a rural area of southern Mozambique. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21 :148–155.
Network INDEPTH, 2004. INDEPTH Model Life Tables for Sub-Saharan Africa. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Alonso PL, Smith L, Schellenberg JR, Masanja H, Mwankusye S, Urassa H, Bastos de Azevedo I, Chongera J, Kobero S, Menendez C, Hurt N, Thomas MC, Lyimo E, Weiss NA, Hayes R, Kitua AY, Lopez MC, Kilama WL, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1994. Randomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Lancet 344 :1175–1181.
Vargas M, Gascon J, Gallardo F, Jimenez De Anta MT, Vila J, 1998. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains detected by PCR in patients with traveler diarrhea. Clin Microbiol Infect 4 :682–688.
Rohner P, Pittet D, Pepey B, Nije-Kinge T, Auckenthaler R, 1997. Etiological agents of infectious diarrhea: implications for requests for microbial culture. J Clin Microbiol 35 :1427–1432.
Reisinger EC, Fritzsche C, Krause R, Krejs GJ, 2005. Diarrhea caused by primarily non-gastroentistinal infections. Nature Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 :216–222.
Rappelli P, Folgosa E, Solinas ML, Da Costa JL, Pisanu C, Sidat M, Melo J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM, 2005. Pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhoea in Maputo, Mozambique. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43 :67–72.
Pabst WL, Altwegg M, Kind C, Mirjanic S, Hardegger D, Nadal D, 2003. Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhoea in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2289–2293.
Valentiner-Branth P, Steinsland H, Fischer TK, Perch M, Scheutz F, Dias F, Aabay P, Mølbak K, Sommerfelt H, 2003. Cohort study of Guinean children: incidence, pathogenicity, conferred protection, and attributable risk for enteropathogens during the first 2 years of life. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4238–4245.
Albert MJ, Faruque SM, Faruque AS, Neogi PKB, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan MA, Alam K, Akbar MS, 1995. Controlled study of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 33 :973–977.
Galane PM, Le Roux M, 2001. Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli isolated from young South African children with diarrhoeal diseases. J Health Popul Nutr 19 :31–38.
Effler P, Isaacson M, Arntzen L, Heenan R, Canter P, Barrett T, Lee L, Mambo C, Levine W, Zaidi A, Griffin PM, 2001. Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :812–819.
Cunin P, Tedjouka E, Germani Y, Ncharre C, Bercion R, Morvan J, Martin PMA, 1999. An epidemic of bloody diarrhea: Escherichia coli O157 emerging in Cameroon? Emerg Infect Dis 5 :285–290.
Presterl E, Zwick RH, Reichmann S, Aichelburg A, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Graninger W, 2003. Frequency and virulence properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :406–410.
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142–201.
Steele AD, Peenze I, de Beer MC, Pager CT, Yeats J, Potgieter N, Ramsaroop U, Page NA, Mitchell JO, Geyer A, Bos P, Alexander JJ, 2003. Anticipating rotavirus vaccine: Epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine 21 :354–360.
Parashar UD, Bresee JS, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, 1998. Rotavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :561–570.
Anderson EJ, Weber SG, 2004. Rotavirus infectious in adults. Lancet Infect Dis 4 :91–99.
Urio EM, Collison EK, Gashe BA, Sebunya TH, Mpuchane S, 2001. Shigella and Salmonella strains isolated from children under 5 years of age in Gaborone, Botswana, and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Trop Med Intern Health 6 :55–59.
Navia MM, Capitano L, Ruiz J, Vargas M, Urassa H, Schellen-berg D, Gascon J, Vila J, 1999. Typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistence of Shigella spp isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. J Clin Microbiol 37 :3113–3117.
Oyofo BA, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Machpud N, Komalarini S, Setiawan B, Simanjuntak C, Punjabi N, Corwin AL, Wasfy M, Campbell JR, Lesmana M, 2002. Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta, Indonesia. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35 :139– 146.
Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, Mulenga V, Sinyinza F, Lishimpi K, Farrelly L, Kaganson N, Zumba A, Gillespie SH, Nunn AJ, Gibb DM, CHAP trial team, 2004. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364 :1865–1871.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 384 | 313 | 14 |
Full Text Views | 804 | 5 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 246 | 6 | 0 |