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-
1
McKenzie FE, Jeffery GM, Collins WE, 2002. Plasmodium malariae infection boosts Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte production. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :411–414.
-
2
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :366–371.
-
3
Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :781–789.
-
4
Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: Factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44 :271–276.
-
5
Mulder B, Tchuinkam T, Dechering K, Verhave JP, Carnevale P, Meuwissen, RV, 1994. Malaria transmission-blocking activity in experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae from naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 121–125.
-
6
Bonnet S, Gouagna C, Safeukui I, Meunier JY, Boudin C, 2000. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :103–106.
-
7
Shute PG, Maryon M, 1951. A study of gametocytes in a West African strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 44 :421–438.
-
8
Boudin C, Olivier M, Molez JF, Chiron JP, Ambroise-Thomas P, 1993. High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :700–706.
-
9
Graves PM, 1980. Studies on the use of a membrane feeding technique for infecting Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74 :738–742.
-
10
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin BJ, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 :251–263.
-
11
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bacnrofti in a West African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48 :208–225.
-
12
Githeko AK, Brandling-Bennett AD, Beier M, Atieli F, Owaga M, Collins FH, 1992. The reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :355–358.
-
13
Coleman RE, Kumpitak C, Ponlawat A, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Rachapaew N, Zollner G, Sattabongkot J, 2004. Infectivity of asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected human populations to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in western Thailand. J Med Entomol 41 :201–208.
-
14
Gamage-Mendis AC, Rajakaruna J, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1991. Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region of Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :479–487.
-
15
Babiker A, Abdel-Wahab A, Ahmed S, Suleiman S, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Carter R, Walliker D, 1999. Detection of low level Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 99 :143–148.
-
16
Menegon M, Severini C, Sannella A, Paglia MG, Sangare D, Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Muhsin AA, Babiker H, Walliker D, Alano P, 2000. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111: 153–161.
-
17
Schneider P, Bousema T, Omar S, Gouagna L, Sawa P, Schallig H, Sauerwein R, 2006. (Sub)microscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia in Kenyan children after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapy or in combination with artesunate. Int J Parasitol 36 :403–408.
-
18
Schneider P, Schoone G, Schallig H, Verhage D, Telgt D, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 2004. Quantification of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in differential stages of development by quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Mol Biochem Parasitol 137 :35–41.
-
19
Abdel-Wahab A, Abdel-Muhsin AM, Ali E, Suleiman S, Ahmed S, Walliker D, Babiker HA, 2002. Dynamics of gametocytes among Plasmodium falciparum clones in natural infections in an area of highly seasonal transmission. J Infect Dis 185 :1838–1842.
-
20
Nassir E, Abdel-Muhsin AM, Suliaman S, Kenyon F, Kheir A, Geha H, Ferguson HM, Walliker D, Babiker HA, 2005. Impact of genetic complexity on longevity and gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum during the dry and transmission-free season of eastern Sudan. Int J Parasitol 35 :49–55.
-
21
Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, Githure JI, Ord R, Sutherland CJ, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2006. Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 193 :1151–1159.
-
22
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 2005. An integrated model of Plasmodium falciparum dynamics. J Theor Biol 232 :411–426.
-
23
Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Meis JF, Meuwissen JH, 1986. Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using an automated suspension culture system. Parasitology 93 :263–274.
-
24
Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Van Gemert GJ, Bensink MP, Bolmer M, Meuwissen JH, 1989. Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes. Parasitology 98 :165–173.
-
25
Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der NJ, 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 28: 495–503.
-
26
Lensen A, Bril A, van den, V, Van Gemert GJ, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1999. Plasmodium falciparum: Infectivity of cultured, synchronized gametocytes to mosquitoes. Exp Parasitol 91: 101–103.
-
27
Lambrechts L, Halbert J, Durand P, Gouagna LC, Koella JC, 2005. Host genotype by parasite genotype interactions underlying the resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 4 :3.
-
28
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1994. Sporogonic development of cultured Plasmodium falciparum in six species of laboratory-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :233–243.
-
29
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 1998. The optimal production of gametocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. J Theor Biol 193 :419–428.
-
30
Paul RE, Diallo M, Brey PT, 2004. Mosquitoes and transmission of malaria parasites—not just vectors. Malar J 3 :39.
-
31
Bousema JT, Drakeley CJ, Sauerwein RW, 2006. Sexual-stage antibody responses to P. falciparum in endemic populations. Curr Mol Med 6 :223–229.
-
32
Pichon G, Awono-Ambene HP, Robert V, 2000. High heterogeneity in the number of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the bloodmeal of mosquitoes fed on the same host. Parasitology 121 :115–120.
-
33
Gautret P, Miltgen F, Gantier JC, Chabaud AG, Landau I, 1996. Enhanced gametocyte formation by Plasmodium chabaudi in immature erythrocytes: Pattern of production, sequestration, and infectivity to mosquitoes. J Parasitol 82 :900–906.
-
34
Talman AM, Domarle O, McKenzie FE, Ariey F, Robert V, 2004. Gametocytogenesis: The puberty of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 3 :24.
-
35
Whitten MM, Shiao SH, Levashina EA, 2006. Mosquito midguts and malaria: Cell biology, compartmentalization and immunology. Parasite Immunol 28 :121–130.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2081 | 1903 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 612 | 17 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 265 | 13 | 0 |
SUBMICROSCOPIC PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM GAMETOCYTE DENSITIES FREQUENTLY RESULT IN MOSQUITO INFECTION
PETRA SCHNEIDER
PETRA SCHNEIDER
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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J. TEUN BOUSEMA
J. TEUN BOUSEMA
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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LOUIS C. GOUAGNA
LOUIS C. GOUAGNA
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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SILAS OTIENO
SILAS OTIENO
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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MARGA VAN DE VEGTE-BOLMER
MARGA VAN DE VEGTE-BOLMER
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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SABAH A. OMAR
SABAH A. OMAR
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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ROBERT W. SAUERWEIN
ROBERT W. SAUERWEIN
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia (< 5,000 gametocytes/mL) is common and may result in mosquito infection. We assessed the relation between gametocyte density and mosquito infection under experimental and field conditions using real-time quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (QT-NASBA) for gametocyte quantification. Serial dilutions of NF54 P. falciparum gametocytes showed a positive association between gametocyte density and the proportion of infected mosquitoes (β = 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7–9.6; P = 0.001). Successful infection became unlikely below an estimated density of 250–300 gametocytes/mL. In the field, blood samples of 100 naturally infected children showed a positive association between gametocyte density and oocyst counts in mosquitoes (β = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.14–0.61; P = 0.002). The relative contribution to malaria transmission was similar for carriers with submicroscopic and microscopic gametocytemia. Our results show that transmission occurs efficiently at submicroscopic gametocyte densities and that carriers harboring submicroscopic gametocytemia constitute a considerable proportion of the human infectious reservoir.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
McKenzie FE, Jeffery GM, Collins WE, 2002. Plasmodium malariae infection boosts Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte production. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :411–414.
-
2
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :366–371.
-
3
Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :781–789.
-
4
Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: Factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44 :271–276.
-
5
Mulder B, Tchuinkam T, Dechering K, Verhave JP, Carnevale P, Meuwissen, RV, 1994. Malaria transmission-blocking activity in experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae from naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 121–125.
-
6
Bonnet S, Gouagna C, Safeukui I, Meunier JY, Boudin C, 2000. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :103–106.
-
7
Shute PG, Maryon M, 1951. A study of gametocytes in a West African strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 44 :421–438.
-
8
Boudin C, Olivier M, Molez JF, Chiron JP, Ambroise-Thomas P, 1993. High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :700–706.
-
9
Graves PM, 1980. Studies on the use of a membrane feeding technique for infecting Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74 :738–742.
-
10
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin BJ, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 :251–263.
-
11
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bacnrofti in a West African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48 :208–225.
-
12
Githeko AK, Brandling-Bennett AD, Beier M, Atieli F, Owaga M, Collins FH, 1992. The reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :355–358.
-
13
Coleman RE, Kumpitak C, Ponlawat A, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Rachapaew N, Zollner G, Sattabongkot J, 2004. Infectivity of asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected human populations to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in western Thailand. J Med Entomol 41 :201–208.
-
14
Gamage-Mendis AC, Rajakaruna J, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1991. Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region of Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :479–487.
-
15
Babiker A, Abdel-Wahab A, Ahmed S, Suleiman S, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Carter R, Walliker D, 1999. Detection of low level Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 99 :143–148.
-
16
Menegon M, Severini C, Sannella A, Paglia MG, Sangare D, Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Muhsin AA, Babiker H, Walliker D, Alano P, 2000. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111: 153–161.
-
17
Schneider P, Bousema T, Omar S, Gouagna L, Sawa P, Schallig H, Sauerwein R, 2006. (Sub)microscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia in Kenyan children after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapy or in combination with artesunate. Int J Parasitol 36 :403–408.
-
18
Schneider P, Schoone G, Schallig H, Verhage D, Telgt D, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 2004. Quantification of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in differential stages of development by quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Mol Biochem Parasitol 137 :35–41.
-
19
Abdel-Wahab A, Abdel-Muhsin AM, Ali E, Suleiman S, Ahmed S, Walliker D, Babiker HA, 2002. Dynamics of gametocytes among Plasmodium falciparum clones in natural infections in an area of highly seasonal transmission. J Infect Dis 185 :1838–1842.
-
20
Nassir E, Abdel-Muhsin AM, Suliaman S, Kenyon F, Kheir A, Geha H, Ferguson HM, Walliker D, Babiker HA, 2005. Impact of genetic complexity on longevity and gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum during the dry and transmission-free season of eastern Sudan. Int J Parasitol 35 :49–55.
-
21
Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, Githure JI, Ord R, Sutherland CJ, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2006. Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 193 :1151–1159.
-
22
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 2005. An integrated model of Plasmodium falciparum dynamics. J Theor Biol 232 :411–426.
-
23
Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Meis JF, Meuwissen JH, 1986. Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using an automated suspension culture system. Parasitology 93 :263–274.
-
24
Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Van Gemert GJ, Bensink MP, Bolmer M, Meuwissen JH, 1989. Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes. Parasitology 98 :165–173.
-
25
Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der NJ, 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 28: 495–503.
-
26
Lensen A, Bril A, van den, V, Van Gemert GJ, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1999. Plasmodium falciparum: Infectivity of cultured, synchronized gametocytes to mosquitoes. Exp Parasitol 91: 101–103.
-
27
Lambrechts L, Halbert J, Durand P, Gouagna LC, Koella JC, 2005. Host genotype by parasite genotype interactions underlying the resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 4 :3.
-
28
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1994. Sporogonic development of cultured Plasmodium falciparum in six species of laboratory-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :233–243.
-
29
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 1998. The optimal production of gametocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. J Theor Biol 193 :419–428.
-
30
Paul RE, Diallo M, Brey PT, 2004. Mosquitoes and transmission of malaria parasites—not just vectors. Malar J 3 :39.
-
31
Bousema JT, Drakeley CJ, Sauerwein RW, 2006. Sexual-stage antibody responses to P. falciparum in endemic populations. Curr Mol Med 6 :223–229.
-
32
Pichon G, Awono-Ambene HP, Robert V, 2000. High heterogeneity in the number of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the bloodmeal of mosquitoes fed on the same host. Parasitology 121 :115–120.
-
33
Gautret P, Miltgen F, Gantier JC, Chabaud AG, Landau I, 1996. Enhanced gametocyte formation by Plasmodium chabaudi in immature erythrocytes: Pattern of production, sequestration, and infectivity to mosquitoes. J Parasitol 82 :900–906.
-
34
Talman AM, Domarle O, McKenzie FE, Ariey F, Robert V, 2004. Gametocytogenesis: The puberty of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 3 :24.
-
35
Whitten MM, Shiao SH, Levashina EA, 2006. Mosquito midguts and malaria: Cell biology, compartmentalization and immunology. Parasite Immunol 28 :121–130.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2081 | 1903 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 612 | 17 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 265 | 13 | 0 |