Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 137–157.
World Health Organization, 2006. Disease outbreak news: chikungunya and dengue in the south west Indian Ocean. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_03_17/en/index.html. Accessed 26 October 2006.
World Health Organization African Region, 2006. Update on current outbreaks. http://www.afro.who.int/csr/epr/current_epidemics/april_2005.pdf. Accessed 26 October 2006.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs—Integrated Regional Information Networks, 2006. Madagascar: Chikungunya virus confirmed. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6MNCQW?OpenDocument. Accessed 26 October 2006.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Chikungunya–Mayotte, Reunion, Comoros. http://www.promedmail.org/. Accessed 26 October 2006.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Chikungunya–Mauritius and Reunion Island. http://www.promedmail.org/. Accessed 26 October 2006.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Chikungunya–Seychelles. http://www.promedmail.org/. Accessed 26 October 2006.
Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, Murri S, Frangeul L, Vaney M, Lavenir R, Pardigon N, Reynes J, Pettinelli F, Biscornet L, Diancourt L, Michel S, Duquerroy S, Guigon G, Frenkiel M, Bréhin A, Cubito N, Desprès P, Kunst F, Rey FA, Zeller H, Brisse S, 2006. Genome microevolution of Chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak. PLoS Med 3 :1058–1070.
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285 :397–400.
Chretien JP, Blazes DL, Gaydos JC, Bedno SA, Coldren RL, Culpepper RC, Fryauff DJ, Earhart KC, Mansour MM, Glass JS, Lewis MD, Smoak BL, Malone JL, 2006. Experience of a global laboratory network in responding to infectious disease epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :538–540.
Tucker CJ, 1979. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment 8 :127–150.
Holben BN, 1986. Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data. Int J Remote Sens 7 :1417–1434.
Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Mahoney R, 2002. From El Nino to La Nina: vegetation response patterns over East and Southern Africa during 1997–2000 period. J Clim 15 :3096–3103.
Xie P, Arkin PA, 1996. Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite summaries, and numerical model predictions. J Clim 9 :840–858.
Chelliah M, Arkin PA, 1992. Large-scale interannual variability of outgoing radiation anomalies over the global tropics. J Clim 5 :371–389.
Subra R, 1983. The regulation of preimaginal populations of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Kenya coast. I. Preimaginal population dynamics and the role of human behaviour. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77 :195–201.
Watts DM, Burke DS, Harrison BA, Whitmire RE, Nisalak A, 1987. Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :143–152.
Gubler DJ, Sather GE, Kuno G, Cabral JR. Dengue 3 virus transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :1280–1284.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Abstract Views | 810 | 693 | 38 |
Full Text Views | 692 | 7 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 281 | 9 | 0 |
Epidemics of chikungunya fever, an Aedes spp.-borne viral disease, affected hundreds of thousands of people in western Indian Ocean islands and India during 2005–2006. The initial outbreaks occurred in coastal Kenya (Lamu, then Mombasa) in 2004. We investigated eco-climatic conditions associated with chikungunya fever emergence along coastal Kenya using epidemiologic investigations and satellite data. Unusually dry, warm conditions preceded the outbreaks, including the driest since 1998 for some of the coastal regions. Infrequent replenishment of domestic water stores and elevated temperatures may have facilitated Chikungunya virus transmission. These results suggest that drought-affected populations may be at heightened risk for chikungunya fever, and underscore the need for safe water storage during drought relief operations.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 137–157.
World Health Organization, 2006. Disease outbreak news: chikungunya and dengue in the south west Indian Ocean. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_03_17/en/index.html. Accessed 26 October 2006.
World Health Organization African Region, 2006. Update on current outbreaks. http://www.afro.who.int/csr/epr/current_epidemics/april_2005.pdf. Accessed 26 October 2006.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs—Integrated Regional Information Networks, 2006. Madagascar: Chikungunya virus confirmed. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6MNCQW?OpenDocument. Accessed 26 October 2006.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Chikungunya–Mayotte, Reunion, Comoros. http://www.promedmail.org/. Accessed 26 October 2006.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Chikungunya–Mauritius and Reunion Island. http://www.promedmail.org/. Accessed 26 October 2006.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Chikungunya–Seychelles. http://www.promedmail.org/. Accessed 26 October 2006.
Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, Murri S, Frangeul L, Vaney M, Lavenir R, Pardigon N, Reynes J, Pettinelli F, Biscornet L, Diancourt L, Michel S, Duquerroy S, Guigon G, Frenkiel M, Bréhin A, Cubito N, Desprès P, Kunst F, Rey FA, Zeller H, Brisse S, 2006. Genome microevolution of Chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak. PLoS Med 3 :1058–1070.
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285 :397–400.
Chretien JP, Blazes DL, Gaydos JC, Bedno SA, Coldren RL, Culpepper RC, Fryauff DJ, Earhart KC, Mansour MM, Glass JS, Lewis MD, Smoak BL, Malone JL, 2006. Experience of a global laboratory network in responding to infectious disease epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :538–540.
Tucker CJ, 1979. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment 8 :127–150.
Holben BN, 1986. Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data. Int J Remote Sens 7 :1417–1434.
Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Mahoney R, 2002. From El Nino to La Nina: vegetation response patterns over East and Southern Africa during 1997–2000 period. J Clim 15 :3096–3103.
Xie P, Arkin PA, 1996. Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite summaries, and numerical model predictions. J Clim 9 :840–858.
Chelliah M, Arkin PA, 1992. Large-scale interannual variability of outgoing radiation anomalies over the global tropics. J Clim 5 :371–389.
Subra R, 1983. The regulation of preimaginal populations of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Kenya coast. I. Preimaginal population dynamics and the role of human behaviour. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77 :195–201.
Watts DM, Burke DS, Harrison BA, Whitmire RE, Nisalak A, 1987. Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :143–152.
Gubler DJ, Sather GE, Kuno G, Cabral JR. Dengue 3 virus transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :1280–1284.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 810 | 693 | 38 |
Full Text Views | 692 | 7 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 281 | 9 | 0 |