CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER RESURGENCE AND GLOBAL WARMING

PAUL R. EPSTEIN Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

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Author Notes

  • 1

    Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285 :397–400.

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  • 2

    Jupp PG, Mcintosh BM, 1998. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137–157.

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  • 3

    Chretien J-P, Anyamba A, Bedno SA, Breiman RF, Sang R, Sergon K, Powers AM, Clayton CO, Small J, Tucker CJ, Linthicum KJ, 2007. Drought-associated Chikungunya emergence along coastal east Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :405–407.

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  • 4

    Levitus S, Antonov J, Boyer T, 2005. Warming of the world ocean, 1955–2003. Geophys Res Lett 32 :L02604.

  • 5

    Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer N, van der Linden PJ, Xiasou D, eds., 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

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  • 6

    Epstein PR, 2005. 2005. Climate change and human health. N Engl J Med 353 :1433–1436.

  • 7

    Epstein PR, Mills E, eds., 2005. Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions. Boston: Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.

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  • 8

    Bryden HL, Longworth HR, Cunningham SA, 2005. Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25°N. Nature 438 :655–657.

  • 9

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2006. Report on the African Regional Workshop on Adaptation. Accra, Ghana, September 21–23, 2006. Available from http://unfccc.int/adaptation/adverse_effects_and-_response_measures_art_48/items/3743.php

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  • 10

    Gyan K, Henry W, Lacaile S, Laloo A, Lamsee-Ebanks C, McKay S, Antoine RM, Monteil RM, 2005. African dust clouds are associated with increased paediatric asthma accident and emergency admissions on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. International. J Biometerol 49 :371–376.

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  • 11

    Epstein PR, Diaz HF, Elias S, Grabherr G, Graham NE, Martens WJM, Mosley-Thompson E, Susskind J, 1998. Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne disease. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78 :409–417.

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