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Gallup JL, Sachs JD, 2001. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (1–2 Suppl):85–96.
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Sharp BL, le Sueur D, 1996. Malaria in South Africa–the past, the present and selected implications for the future. S Afr Med J 86 :83–89.
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Mabaso MLH, Sharp BL, le Sueur D, Lengeler C, 2004. Historical review of malaria control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house spraying. Trop Med Int Health 9 :846–856.
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Maharaj R, Mthembu DJ, Sharp BL, 2005. The impact of the reintroduction of DDT on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S Afr Med J 95 :871–874.
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Casimiro S, Coleman M, Moholai P, Hemingway J, Sharp B, 2006. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mozambique. J Med Entomol 43 :267–275.
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Barnes K, Durrheim D, Little F, Jackson A, Mehta U, Allen E, Dlamini S, Tsoka J, Bredenkamp B, Mthembu J, White N, Sharp B, 2005. Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS Med 2 :1–12.
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Kleinschmidt I, Sharp B, Benavente L, Schwabe C, Torrez M, Kuklinski J, Morris N, Raman J, Carter J, 2006. Reduction in infection with P. falciparum one year after the introduction of malaria control interventions on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :972–978.
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Conteh L, Sharp BL, Streat E, Barreto A, Konar S, 2004. The cost and cost-effectiveness of malaria vector control by residual insecticide house-spraying in southern Mozambique: A rural and urban analysis. Trop Med Int Health 9 :125–132.
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SEVEN YEARS OF REGIONAL MALARIA CONTROL COLLABORATION—MOZAMBIQUE, SOUTH AFRICA, AND SWAZILAND
The Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative is a joint development program between the governments of Mozambique, Swaziland, and South Africa, which includes malaria control as a core component of the initiative. Vector control through indoor residual spraying (IRS) was incrementally introduced in southern Mozambique between November 2000 and February 2004. Surveillance to monitor its impact was conducted by annual cross-sectional surveys to assess the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection, entomologic monitoring, and malaria case notification in neighboring South Africa and Swaziland. In southern Mozambique, there was a significant reduction in P. falciparum prevalence after the implementation of IRS, with an overall relative risk of 0.74 for each intervention year (P < 0.001), ranging from 0.66 after the first year to 0.93 after the fifth intervention year. Substantial reductions in notified malaria cases were reported in South Africa and Swaziland over the same period. The success of the program in reducing malaria transmission throughout the target area provides a strong argument for investment in regional malaria control.