Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis – New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :845–849.
-
2
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Bolpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigraphy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
-
3
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel JJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Virus Taxonomy. Van Regenmortel CM, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens E, Estes MK, Lemon S, Manilogg J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 859–878.
-
4
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
5
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
6
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 59–88.
-
7
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridannus) develop West Nile virus viremia sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
8
Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould DH, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS, 2006. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75 :697–701.
-
9
Tesh RB, Siirin M, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wu X, Duan T, Lei H, Nunes MR, Xiao S-Y, 2005. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections. J Infect Dis 192 :287–295.
-
10
Trock SC, Meade BJ, Glaser AL, Ostlund EN, Lanciotti RS, Cropp BC, Kulasekera V, Kramer LD, Komar N, 2001. West Nile outbreak among horses in New York state, 1999 and 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :745–747.
-
11
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
-
12
Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :84–93.
-
13
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. Characterization of West Nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :328–331.
-
14
Farajollahi A, Panella NA, Carr P, Crans W, Burguess K, Komar N, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in black bears (Ursus americanus) from New Jersey. J Wildl Dis 39 :894–896.
-
15
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :22–30.
-
16
Santaella J, Mclean R, Hall JS, Gill JS, Bowen RA, Hadow HH, Clark L, 2005. West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999–2003). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :1038–1042.
-
17
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004. Cooperative Rabies Management Program National Report 2004. Washington, DC: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (unnumbered report): 3.
-
18
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
-
19
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 89–212.
-
20
Monath TP, 2001. Prospects for development of a vaccine against the West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :1–12.
-
21
Komar N, Panella NA, Burns JE, Dusza SW, Mascarenhas TM, Talbot TO, 2001. Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :621–625.
-
22
Kuno G, Chang G-JJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72 :73–83.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity—United States, August 21–27, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :821–822.
-
24
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Mosquito 2003. Cited December 14, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/ca_mosquito.html
-
25
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Birds 2003. Cited December 14, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/ca_bird.html
-
26
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity—United States, August 7–13, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :772.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. West Nile virus activity—United States, July 10–16, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :621.
-
28
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. West Nile virus activity—United States, November 7–13, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :1013–1014.
-
29
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. West Nile virus activity—United States, August 15–21, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :742–743.
-
30
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Human 2003. Cited December 15, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/oh_human.html
-
31
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Human 2004. Cited December 15, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2004/oh_human.html
-
32
Verts BJ, 1967. The Biology of the Striped Skunk. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 33.
-
33
McLean RG, Francy DB, Monath TP, Calisher CH, Trent DW, 1985. Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from adult Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 22 :232–233.
-
34
Schmidt JR, Said MI, 1964. Isolation of West Nile virus from the African bird argasid, Argas reflexus hermanni, in Egypt. J Med Entomol 1 :83–86.
-
35
Anderson JF, Main AJ, Andreadis TG, Wikel SK, Vossbrinck CR, 2003. Transstadial transfer of West Nile virus by three species of Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 40 :528–533.
-
36
Mumcuoglu KY, Banet-Noach C, Malkinson M, Shalom U, Galun R, 2005. Argasid ticks as possible vectors of West Nile virus in Israel. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :65–71.
-
37
Hutcheson HJ, Gorham CH, Machain-Williams C, Loroño-Pino MA, James AM, Marlenee NL, Winn B, Beaty BJ, Blair CD, 2005. Experimental transmission of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) by Carios carpensis ticks from North America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :293–295.
-
38
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HH, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis RG, Kuman A, West B, 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3110–3111.
-
39
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
40
Sbrana E, Tonry JH, Xiao S-Y, Da Rosa APAT, Higgs S, Tesh RB, 2005. Oral transmission of West Nile virus in a hamster model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :325–329.
-
41
Verts BJ, 1967. The Biology of the Striped Skunk. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 68–74.
-
42
Walker BL, Naugle DE, Doherty KE, Cornish TE, 2004. From the field: outbreak of West Nile virus in greater sage grouse and guidelines for monitoring, handling, and submitting dead birds. Wildl Soc Bull 32 :1–7.
-
43
Tonry JH, Xiao SY, Siirin M, Chen H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2005. Persistent shedding of West Nile virus in urine of experimentally infected hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :320–324.
-
44
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Docherty DE, Hansen WR, Sileo L, McNamara TS, 2001. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :54–57.
-
45
Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2150–2155.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 493 | 427 | 144 |
| Full Text Views | 318 | 16 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 12 | 4 |
SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS EXPOSURE IN NORTH AMERICAN MESOPREDATORS
KEVIN T. BENTLER
KEVIN T. BENTLER
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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JEFFREY S. HALL
JEFFREY S. HALL
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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J. JEFFREY ROOT
J. JEFFREY ROOT
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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KACI KLENK
KACI KLENK
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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BRANDON SCHMIT
BRANDON SCHMIT
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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BRADLEY F. BLACKWELL
BRADLEY F. BLACKWELL
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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PAUL C. RAMEY
PAUL C. RAMEY
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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LARRY CLARK
LARRY CLARK
National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado; National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Sera from 936 mammalian mesopredators (Virginia opossums, gray foxes, striped skunks, hooded skunks, raccoons, a bobcat, and a red fox) were collected during 2003 and 2004 in California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Ohio, and Wyoming and screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies by an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosobent assay (blocking ELISA). Serum samples positive for antibodies against flaviviruses were screened for West Nile virus (WNV)–specific antibodies by blocking ELISA and selectively confirmed with plaque-reduction neutralization tests. High prevalence rates were observed in raccoons (45.6%) and striped skunks (62.9%). The high WNV antibody prevalence noted in mesopredators, their peridomestic tendencies, and their overall pervasiveness make these species potentially useful sentinels for monitoring flaviviruses in defined areas.
Author Notes
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis – New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :845–849.
-
2
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Bolpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigraphy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
-
3
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel JJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Virus Taxonomy. Van Regenmortel CM, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens E, Estes MK, Lemon S, Manilogg J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 859–878.
-
4
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
5
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
6
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 59–88.
-
7
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridannus) develop West Nile virus viremia sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
8
Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould DH, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS, 2006. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75 :697–701.
-
9
Tesh RB, Siirin M, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wu X, Duan T, Lei H, Nunes MR, Xiao S-Y, 2005. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections. J Infect Dis 192 :287–295.
-
10
Trock SC, Meade BJ, Glaser AL, Ostlund EN, Lanciotti RS, Cropp BC, Kulasekera V, Kramer LD, Komar N, 2001. West Nile outbreak among horses in New York state, 1999 and 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :745–747.
-
11
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
-
12
Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :84–93.
-
13
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. Characterization of West Nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :328–331.
-
14
Farajollahi A, Panella NA, Carr P, Crans W, Burguess K, Komar N, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in black bears (Ursus americanus) from New Jersey. J Wildl Dis 39 :894–896.
-
15
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :22–30.
-
16
Santaella J, Mclean R, Hall JS, Gill JS, Bowen RA, Hadow HH, Clark L, 2005. West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999–2003). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :1038–1042.
-
17
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004. Cooperative Rabies Management Program National Report 2004. Washington, DC: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (unnumbered report): 3.
-
18
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
-
19
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 89–212.
-
20
Monath TP, 2001. Prospects for development of a vaccine against the West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :1–12.
-
21
Komar N, Panella NA, Burns JE, Dusza SW, Mascarenhas TM, Talbot TO, 2001. Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :621–625.
-
22
Kuno G, Chang G-JJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72 :73–83.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity—United States, August 21–27, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :821–822.
-
24
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Mosquito 2003. Cited December 14, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/ca_mosquito.html
-
25
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Birds 2003. Cited December 14, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/ca_bird.html
-
26
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity—United States, August 7–13, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :772.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. West Nile virus activity—United States, July 10–16, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :621.
-
28
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. West Nile virus activity—United States, November 7–13, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :1013–1014.
-
29
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. West Nile virus activity—United States, August 15–21, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :742–743.
-
30
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Human 2003. Cited December 15, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2003/oh_human.html
-
31
United States Geological Survey, West Nile Virus Maps: Human 2004. Cited December 15, 2005. Available from http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/2004/oh_human.html
-
32
Verts BJ, 1967. The Biology of the Striped Skunk. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 33.
-
33
McLean RG, Francy DB, Monath TP, Calisher CH, Trent DW, 1985. Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from adult Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 22 :232–233.
-
34
Schmidt JR, Said MI, 1964. Isolation of West Nile virus from the African bird argasid, Argas reflexus hermanni, in Egypt. J Med Entomol 1 :83–86.
-
35
Anderson JF, Main AJ, Andreadis TG, Wikel SK, Vossbrinck CR, 2003. Transstadial transfer of West Nile virus by three species of Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 40 :528–533.
-
36
Mumcuoglu KY, Banet-Noach C, Malkinson M, Shalom U, Galun R, 2005. Argasid ticks as possible vectors of West Nile virus in Israel. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :65–71.
-
37
Hutcheson HJ, Gorham CH, Machain-Williams C, Loroño-Pino MA, James AM, Marlenee NL, Winn B, Beaty BJ, Blair CD, 2005. Experimental transmission of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) by Carios carpensis ticks from North America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :293–295.
-
38
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HH, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis RG, Kuman A, West B, 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3110–3111.
-
39
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
40
Sbrana E, Tonry JH, Xiao S-Y, Da Rosa APAT, Higgs S, Tesh RB, 2005. Oral transmission of West Nile virus in a hamster model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :325–329.
-
41
Verts BJ, 1967. The Biology of the Striped Skunk. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 68–74.
-
42
Walker BL, Naugle DE, Doherty KE, Cornish TE, 2004. From the field: outbreak of West Nile virus in greater sage grouse and guidelines for monitoring, handling, and submitting dead birds. Wildl Soc Bull 32 :1–7.
-
43
Tonry JH, Xiao SY, Siirin M, Chen H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2005. Persistent shedding of West Nile virus in urine of experimentally infected hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :320–324.
-
44
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Docherty DE, Hansen WR, Sileo L, McNamara TS, 2001. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :54–57.
-
45
Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2150–2155.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 493 | 427 | 144 |
| Full Text Views | 318 | 16 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 12 | 4 |