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1
Breman JG, 2000. Monkeypox, an emerging infection for humans? Scheld MW, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging Infections 4, Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 45–76.
-
2
Jezek Z, Fenner F, 1988. Human monkeypox. Monogr Virol 14 :1–140.
-
3
Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E, 1972. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 46 :593–597.
-
4
Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, 1972. Human monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ 46 :569–576.
-
5
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I, 1980. Human monkeypox, 1970–79. Bull World Health Organ 58 :165–182.
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6
Arita I, Jezek Z, Khodakevich L, Ruti K, 1985. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :781–789.
-
7
Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K, 1998. Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br Med Bull 54 :693–702.
-
8
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, Szczeniowski MV, Esposito JJ, 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :434–438.
-
9
Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, 1987. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis 156 :293–298.
-
10
Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, Graham MB, Sejvar J, Likos A, Damon IK, Reynolds MG, Kuehnert MJ, 2005. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 41 :1742–1751.
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11
Sejvar JJ, Chowdary Y, Schomogyi M, Stevens J, Patel J, Karem K, Fischer M, Kuehnert MJ, Zaki SR, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Patton JL, Bernard N, Li Y, Olson VA, Kline RL, Loparev VN, Schmid DS, Beard B, Regnery RR, Damon IK, 2004. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the mid-western United States. J Infect Dis 190 :1833–1840.
-
12
Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Davidson W, Galloway R, Khristova ML, Reynolds MG, Zhao H, Carroll DS, Curns A, Formenty P, Esposito JJ, Regnery RL, Damon IK, 2000. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol 86 :2661–2672.
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13
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 561–564.
-
14
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK, 2004. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 :342–350.
-
15
Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB, 2004. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 4 :15–25.
-
16
Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, Esposito JJ, Harms T, Damon IK, Roper RL, Upton C, Buller RM, 2005. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 340 :46–63.
-
17
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, Siirin M, Popov VL, Xiao SY, 2004. Experimental infection of ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1563–1567.
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18
Xiao SY, Sbrana E, Watts DM, Siirin M, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2005. Experimental infection of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) with monekypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :539–545.
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19
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27 :493–497.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 557 | 488 | 26 |
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COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN AND CENTRAL AFRICAN STRAINS OF MONKEYPOX VIRUS IN A GROUND SQUIRREL MODEL OF THE DISEASE
ELENA SBRANA
ELENA SBRANA
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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SHU-YUAN XIAO
SHU-YUAN XIAO
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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PATRICK C. NEWMAN
PATRICK C. NEWMAN
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROBERT B. TESH
ROBERT B. TESH
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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The first human cases of monkeypox (MPX) were recognized in central Africa in 1970. Since then, sporadic outbreaks of the disease have occurred in central and west Africa. In 2003, an outbreak of human MPX occurred in the United States after importation of infected rodents from west Africa. Clinical features of the 2003 outbreak were less severe than accounts of the disease among people in central Africa. The reasons for this observed difference are unknown. In this study, the clinical and pathologic characteristics of experimental infection with representative central African and North American MPX virus strains were compared in a ground squirrel model of the disease. The results indicate that the US 2003 virus, which phylogenetically is a member of the west African MPX virus clade, was less virulent than central African MPX virus strains.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Breman JG, 2000. Monkeypox, an emerging infection for humans? Scheld MW, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging Infections 4, Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 45–76.
-
2
Jezek Z, Fenner F, 1988. Human monkeypox. Monogr Virol 14 :1–140.
-
3
Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E, 1972. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 46 :593–597.
-
4
Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, 1972. Human monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ 46 :569–576.
-
5
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I, 1980. Human monkeypox, 1970–79. Bull World Health Organ 58 :165–182.
-
6
Arita I, Jezek Z, Khodakevich L, Ruti K, 1985. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :781–789.
-
7
Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K, 1998. Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br Med Bull 54 :693–702.
-
8
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, Szczeniowski MV, Esposito JJ, 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :434–438.
-
9
Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, 1987. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis 156 :293–298.
-
10
Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, Graham MB, Sejvar J, Likos A, Damon IK, Reynolds MG, Kuehnert MJ, 2005. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 41 :1742–1751.
-
11
Sejvar JJ, Chowdary Y, Schomogyi M, Stevens J, Patel J, Karem K, Fischer M, Kuehnert MJ, Zaki SR, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Patton JL, Bernard N, Li Y, Olson VA, Kline RL, Loparev VN, Schmid DS, Beard B, Regnery RR, Damon IK, 2004. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the mid-western United States. J Infect Dis 190 :1833–1840.
-
12
Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Davidson W, Galloway R, Khristova ML, Reynolds MG, Zhao H, Carroll DS, Curns A, Formenty P, Esposito JJ, Regnery RL, Damon IK, 2000. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol 86 :2661–2672.
-
13
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 561–564.
-
14
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK, 2004. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 :342–350.
-
15
Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB, 2004. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 4 :15–25.
-
16
Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, Esposito JJ, Harms T, Damon IK, Roper RL, Upton C, Buller RM, 2005. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 340 :46–63.
-
17
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, Siirin M, Popov VL, Xiao SY, 2004. Experimental infection of ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1563–1567.
-
18
Xiao SY, Sbrana E, Watts DM, Siirin M, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2005. Experimental infection of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) with monekypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :539–545.
-
19
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27 :493–497.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 557 | 488 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 666 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 426 | 9 | 0 |