ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL, 2005. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1174–1179.
-
2
Komar N, 2000. West Nile viral encephalitis. Rev Sci Tech 19 :166–176.
-
3
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. CDC, DVBID West Nile Virus Homepage. Available from www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile.
-
5
Vinogradova EB, 2000. Culex pipiens pipiens Mosquitoes: Taxonomy, Distribution, Ecology, Physiology, Genetics, Applied Importance and Control. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers, 4–13.
-
6
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
7
Girard YA, Klingler KA, Higgs S, 2004. West Nile virus dissemination and tissue tropisms in orally infected Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :109–122.
-
8
Girard YA, Popov V, Wen J, Han V, Higgs S, 2005. Ultrastructural study of West Nile virus pathogenesis in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 42 :429–444.
-
9
Ebel GD, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :493–500.
-
10
Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V, 2003. Architecture of the flaviviral replication complex. Protease, nuclease, and detergents reveal encasement within double-layered membrane compartments. J Biol Chem 278 :24388–24398.
-
11
Westaway EG, Mackenzie JM, Kenney MT, Jones MK, Khromykh AA, 1997. Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures. J Virol 71 :6650–6661.
-
12
Mackenzie JM, Khromykh AA, Jones MK, Westaway EG, 1998. Subcellular localization and some biochemical properties of the flavivirus Kunjin nonstructural proteins NS2A and NS4A. Virology 245 :203–215.
-
13
Mackenzie JM, Jones MK, Young PR, 1996. Improved membrane preservation of flavivirus-infected cells with cryosectioning. J Virol Methods 56 :67–75.
-
14
Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DW, Novak RJ, Elizondo-Quiroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett AD, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology 342 :252–265.
-
15
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa AP, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309 :190–195.
-
16
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :120–123.
-
17
Rossi SL, Zhao Q, O’Donnell VK, Mason PW, 2005. Adaptation of West Nile virus replicons to cells in culture and use of replicon-bearing cells to probe antiviral action. Virology 331 :457–470.
-
18
Scholle F, Girard YA, Zhao Q, Higgs S, Mason PW, 2004. Trans-packaged West Nile virus-like particles: infectious properties in vitro and in infected mosquito vectors. J Virol 78 :11605–11614.
-
19
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
20
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, Lerdthusnee K, Romoser WS, 1988. Togavirus-associated pathologic changes in the midgut of a natural mosquito vector. J Virol 62 :2083–2090.
-
21
Weaver SC, Lorenz LH, Scott TW, 1992. Pathologic changes in the midgut of Culex tarsalis following infection with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :691–701.
-
22
Bowers DF, Coleman CG, Brown DT, 2003. Sindbis virus-associated pathology in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 40 :698–705.
-
23
Platt KB, Linthicum KJ, Myint KS, Innis BL, Lerdthusnee K, Vaughn DW, 1997. Impact of dengue virus infection on feeding behavior of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :119–125.
-
24
Grimstad PR, Ross QE, Craig GB Jr, 1980. Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and La Crosse virus. II. Modification of mosquito feeding behavior by virus infection. J Med Entomol 17 :1–7.
-
25
Faran ME, Turell MJ, Romoser WS, Routier RG, Gibbs PH, Cannon TL, Bailey CL, 1987. Reduced survival of adult Culex pipiens infected with Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37 :403–409.
-
26
Mahmood F, Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Fang Y, 2004. Western equine encephalomyelitis virus infection affects the life table characteristics of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 41 :982–986.
-
27
Whitfield SG, Murphy FA, Sudia WD, 1973. St. Louis encephalitis virus: an ultrastructural study of infection in a mosquito vector. Virology 56 :70–87.
-
28
Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Dalrymple JM, Shope RE, Porterfield JS, Westaway EG, Brandt WE, 1989. Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. J Gen Virol 70 :37–43.
-
29
Takahashi M, Suzuki K, 1979. Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquito salivary glands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :122–135.
-
30
Colton L, Biggerstaff BJ, Johnson A, Nasci RS, 2005. Quantification of West Nile virus in vector mosquito saliva. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21 :49–53.
-
31
Smith DR, Carrara AS, Aguilar PV, Weaver SC, 2005. Evaluation of methods to assess transmission potential of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus by mosquitoes and estimation of mosquito saliva titers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :33–39.
-
32
Chu JJ, Ng ML, 2003. The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Virol 84 :3305–3314.
-
33
Ramanathan MP, Chambers JA, Pankhong P, Chattergoon M, Attatippaholkun W, Dang K, Shah N, Weiner DB, 2006. Host cell killing by the West Nile Virus NS2B-NS3 proteolytic complex: NS3 alone is sufficient to recruit caspase-8-based apoptotic pathway. Virology 345 :56–72.
-
34
Parquet MC, Kumatori A, Hasebe F, Morita K, Igarashi A, 2001. West Nile virus-induced bax-dependent apoptosis. FEBS Lett 500 :17–24.
-
35
Yang JS, Ramanathan MP, Muthumani K, Choo AY, Jin SH, Yu QC, Hwang DS, Choo DK, Lee MD, Dang K, Tang W, Kim JJ, Weiner DB, 2002. Induction of inflammation by West Nile virus capsid through the caspase-9 apoptotic pathway. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1379–1384.
-
36
Couvelard A, Marianneau P, Bedel C, Drouet MT, Vachon F, Henin D, Deubel V, 1999. Report of a fatal case of dengue infection with hepatitis: demonstration of dengue antigens in hepatocytes and liver apoptosis. Hum Pathol 30 :1106–1110.
-
37
Despres P, Frenkiel MP, Ceccaldi PE, Duarte Dos SC, Deubel V, 1998. Apoptosis in the mouse central nervous system in response to infection with mouse-neurovirulent dengue viruses. J Virol 72 :823–829.
-
38
Liao CL, Lin YL, Wang JJ, Huang YL, Yeh CT, Ma SH, Chen LK, 1997. Effect of enforced expression of human bcl-2 on Japanese encephalitis virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. J Virol 71 :5963–5971.
-
39
Liao CL, Lin YL, Shen SC, Shen JY, Su HL, Huang YL, Ma SH, Sun YC, Chen KP, Chen LK, 1998. Antiapoptotic but not antiviral function of human bcl-2 assists establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus persistence in cultured cells. J Virol 72 :9844–9854.
-
40
Su HL, Liao CL, Lin YL, 2002. Japanese encephalitis virus infection initiates endoplasmic reticulum stress and an unfolded protein response. J Virol 76 :4162–4171.
-
41
Prikhod’ko GG, Prikhod’ko EA, Cohen JI, Pletnev AG, 2001. Infection with Langat flavivirus or expression of the envelope protein induces apoptotic cell death. Virology 286 :328–335.
-
42
Cantile C, Del Piero F, Di Guardo G, Arispici M, 2001. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in naturally occuring West Nile virus infection in horses. Vet Pathol 38 :414–421.
-
43
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Zaki SR, 2004. Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Hum Pathol 35 :983–990.
-
44
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
45
Formigli L, Papucci L, Tani A, Schiavone N, Tempestini A, Orlandini GE, Capaccioli S, Orlandini SZ, 2000. Aponecrosis: morphological and biochemical exploration of a syncretic process of cell death sharing apoptosis and necrosis. J Cell Physiol 182 :41–49.
-
46
Papucci L, Formigli L, Schiavone N, Tani A, Donnini M, Lapucci A, Perna F, Tempestini A, Witort E, Morganti M, Nosi D, Orlandini GE, Zecchi OS, Capaccioli S, 2004. Apoptosis shifts to necrosis via intermediate types of cell death by a mechanism depending on c-myc and bcl-2 expression. Cell Tissue Res 316 :197–209.
-
47
Karpf AR, Brown DT, 1998. Comparison of Sindbis virus-induced pathology in mosquito and vertebrate cell cultures. Virology 240 :193–201.
-
48
Clemens AN, 2000. Adult food and feeding mechanisms. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Volume 1. New York: CABI Publishing, 220–250.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 263 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 380 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 144 | 3 | 0 |
SALIVARY GLAND MORPHOLOGY AND VIRUS TRANSMISSION DURING LONG-TERM CYTOPATHOLOGIC WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION IN CULEX MOSQUITOES
YVETTE A. GIRARD
YVETTE A. GIRARD
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER
BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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CHARLES E. MCGEE
CHARLES E. MCGEE
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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JULIE WEN
JULIE WEN
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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VIOLET C. HAN
VIOLET C. HAN
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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VSEVOLOD POPOV
VSEVOLOD POPOV
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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PETER W. MASON
PETER W. MASON
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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STEPHEN HIGGS
STEPHEN HIGGS
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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The effect of long-term West Nile virus (WNV) infection on Culex salivary gland morphology and viability was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy during a four week period post-blood feeding. These studies showed that apoptosis and other cytopathologic changes occurred more frequently in WNV-infected mosquitoes compared with uninfected controls. The effect of long-term infection on WNV transmission was evaluated by titering virus in saliva over the same time period. Although the mean titer of WNV in mosquito saliva did not change significantly over time, the percentage of saliva samples containing WNV decreased. Because of the importance of saliva in blood meal acquisition and virus delivery, salivary gland pathology has the potential to affect mosquito feeding behavior and virus transmission. Results from this study add to a growing body of evidence that arbovirus infections in mosquito vectors can be cytopathic, and offer a potential mechanism for virus-induced cell death in mosquitoes.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL, 2005. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1174–1179.
-
2
Komar N, 2000. West Nile viral encephalitis. Rev Sci Tech 19 :166–176.
-
3
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. CDC, DVBID West Nile Virus Homepage. Available from www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile.
-
5
Vinogradova EB, 2000. Culex pipiens pipiens Mosquitoes: Taxonomy, Distribution, Ecology, Physiology, Genetics, Applied Importance and Control. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers, 4–13.
-
6
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
7
Girard YA, Klingler KA, Higgs S, 2004. West Nile virus dissemination and tissue tropisms in orally infected Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :109–122.
-
8
Girard YA, Popov V, Wen J, Han V, Higgs S, 2005. Ultrastructural study of West Nile virus pathogenesis in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 42 :429–444.
-
9
Ebel GD, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :493–500.
-
10
Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V, 2003. Architecture of the flaviviral replication complex. Protease, nuclease, and detergents reveal encasement within double-layered membrane compartments. J Biol Chem 278 :24388–24398.
-
11
Westaway EG, Mackenzie JM, Kenney MT, Jones MK, Khromykh AA, 1997. Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures. J Virol 71 :6650–6661.
-
12
Mackenzie JM, Khromykh AA, Jones MK, Westaway EG, 1998. Subcellular localization and some biochemical properties of the flavivirus Kunjin nonstructural proteins NS2A and NS4A. Virology 245 :203–215.
-
13
Mackenzie JM, Jones MK, Young PR, 1996. Improved membrane preservation of flavivirus-infected cells with cryosectioning. J Virol Methods 56 :67–75.
-
14
Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DW, Novak RJ, Elizondo-Quiroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett AD, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology 342 :252–265.
-
15
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa AP, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309 :190–195.
-
16
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :120–123.
-
17
Rossi SL, Zhao Q, O’Donnell VK, Mason PW, 2005. Adaptation of West Nile virus replicons to cells in culture and use of replicon-bearing cells to probe antiviral action. Virology 331 :457–470.
-
18
Scholle F, Girard YA, Zhao Q, Higgs S, Mason PW, 2004. Trans-packaged West Nile virus-like particles: infectious properties in vitro and in infected mosquito vectors. J Virol 78 :11605–11614.
-
19
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
20
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, Lerdthusnee K, Romoser WS, 1988. Togavirus-associated pathologic changes in the midgut of a natural mosquito vector. J Virol 62 :2083–2090.
-
21
Weaver SC, Lorenz LH, Scott TW, 1992. Pathologic changes in the midgut of Culex tarsalis following infection with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :691–701.
-
22
Bowers DF, Coleman CG, Brown DT, 2003. Sindbis virus-associated pathology in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 40 :698–705.
-
23
Platt KB, Linthicum KJ, Myint KS, Innis BL, Lerdthusnee K, Vaughn DW, 1997. Impact of dengue virus infection on feeding behavior of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :119–125.
-
24
Grimstad PR, Ross QE, Craig GB Jr, 1980. Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and La Crosse virus. II. Modification of mosquito feeding behavior by virus infection. J Med Entomol 17 :1–7.
-
25
Faran ME, Turell MJ, Romoser WS, Routier RG, Gibbs PH, Cannon TL, Bailey CL, 1987. Reduced survival of adult Culex pipiens infected with Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37 :403–409.
-
26
Mahmood F, Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Fang Y, 2004. Western equine encephalomyelitis virus infection affects the life table characteristics of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 41 :982–986.
-
27
Whitfield SG, Murphy FA, Sudia WD, 1973. St. Louis encephalitis virus: an ultrastructural study of infection in a mosquito vector. Virology 56 :70–87.
-
28
Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Dalrymple JM, Shope RE, Porterfield JS, Westaway EG, Brandt WE, 1989. Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. J Gen Virol 70 :37–43.
-
29
Takahashi M, Suzuki K, 1979. Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquito salivary glands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :122–135.
-
30
Colton L, Biggerstaff BJ, Johnson A, Nasci RS, 2005. Quantification of West Nile virus in vector mosquito saliva. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21 :49–53.
-
31
Smith DR, Carrara AS, Aguilar PV, Weaver SC, 2005. Evaluation of methods to assess transmission potential of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus by mosquitoes and estimation of mosquito saliva titers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :33–39.
-
32
Chu JJ, Ng ML, 2003. The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Virol 84 :3305–3314.
-
33
Ramanathan MP, Chambers JA, Pankhong P, Chattergoon M, Attatippaholkun W, Dang K, Shah N, Weiner DB, 2006. Host cell killing by the West Nile Virus NS2B-NS3 proteolytic complex: NS3 alone is sufficient to recruit caspase-8-based apoptotic pathway. Virology 345 :56–72.
-
34
Parquet MC, Kumatori A, Hasebe F, Morita K, Igarashi A, 2001. West Nile virus-induced bax-dependent apoptosis. FEBS Lett 500 :17–24.
-
35
Yang JS, Ramanathan MP, Muthumani K, Choo AY, Jin SH, Yu QC, Hwang DS, Choo DK, Lee MD, Dang K, Tang W, Kim JJ, Weiner DB, 2002. Induction of inflammation by West Nile virus capsid through the caspase-9 apoptotic pathway. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1379–1384.
-
36
Couvelard A, Marianneau P, Bedel C, Drouet MT, Vachon F, Henin D, Deubel V, 1999. Report of a fatal case of dengue infection with hepatitis: demonstration of dengue antigens in hepatocytes and liver apoptosis. Hum Pathol 30 :1106–1110.
-
37
Despres P, Frenkiel MP, Ceccaldi PE, Duarte Dos SC, Deubel V, 1998. Apoptosis in the mouse central nervous system in response to infection with mouse-neurovirulent dengue viruses. J Virol 72 :823–829.
-
38
Liao CL, Lin YL, Wang JJ, Huang YL, Yeh CT, Ma SH, Chen LK, 1997. Effect of enforced expression of human bcl-2 on Japanese encephalitis virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. J Virol 71 :5963–5971.
-
39
Liao CL, Lin YL, Shen SC, Shen JY, Su HL, Huang YL, Ma SH, Sun YC, Chen KP, Chen LK, 1998. Antiapoptotic but not antiviral function of human bcl-2 assists establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus persistence in cultured cells. J Virol 72 :9844–9854.
-
40
Su HL, Liao CL, Lin YL, 2002. Japanese encephalitis virus infection initiates endoplasmic reticulum stress and an unfolded protein response. J Virol 76 :4162–4171.
-
41
Prikhod’ko GG, Prikhod’ko EA, Cohen JI, Pletnev AG, 2001. Infection with Langat flavivirus or expression of the envelope protein induces apoptotic cell death. Virology 286 :328–335.
-
42
Cantile C, Del Piero F, Di Guardo G, Arispici M, 2001. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in naturally occuring West Nile virus infection in horses. Vet Pathol 38 :414–421.
-
43
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Zaki SR, 2004. Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Hum Pathol 35 :983–990.
-
44
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
45
Formigli L, Papucci L, Tani A, Schiavone N, Tempestini A, Orlandini GE, Capaccioli S, Orlandini SZ, 2000. Aponecrosis: morphological and biochemical exploration of a syncretic process of cell death sharing apoptosis and necrosis. J Cell Physiol 182 :41–49.
-
46
Papucci L, Formigli L, Schiavone N, Tani A, Donnini M, Lapucci A, Perna F, Tempestini A, Witort E, Morganti M, Nosi D, Orlandini GE, Zecchi OS, Capaccioli S, 2004. Apoptosis shifts to necrosis via intermediate types of cell death by a mechanism depending on c-myc and bcl-2 expression. Cell Tissue Res 316 :197–209.
-
47
Karpf AR, Brown DT, 1998. Comparison of Sindbis virus-induced pathology in mosquito and vertebrate cell cultures. Virology 240 :193–201.
-
48
Clemens AN, 2000. Adult food and feeding mechanisms. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Volume 1. New York: CABI Publishing, 220–250.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 263 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 380 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 144 | 3 | 0 |