Steere AC, Bartenhagen NH, Craft JE, Hutchinson GJ, Newman JH, Rahn DW, Sigal LH, Spieler PN, Stenn KS, Malawista SE, 1983. The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 99 :76–82.
Strle F, Cheng Y, Cimperman J, Maraspin V, Lotric-Furlan S, Nelson J, Picken MM, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Picken RN, 1995. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in resolved erythema migrans lesions. Clin Infect Dis 21 :380–389.
Kuiper H, van Dam A, Spanjaard L, de Jongh BM, Widjojokusumo A, Ramselaar TCP, Cairo I, Vos K, Dankert J, 1994. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from biopsy specimens taken from healthy-looking skin of patients with Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol 32 :715–720.
Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MG, Weinstein A, 1994. Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol 21 :454–461.
Nowakowski J, Schwartz I, Nadelman RB, Liveris D, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Wormser G, 1997. Culture-confirmed infection and reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med 127 :130–132.
Golde WT, Robinson-Dunn B, Stobierski MG, Dykhuizen D, Wang I, Carlson V, Stiefel H, Shiflett S, Campbell GL, 1998. Culture-confirmed reinfection of a person with different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1015–1109.
Steere AC, Malawista SE, Newman JH, Spieler PN, Bartenhagen NH, 1980. Antibiotic therapy in Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 93 :1–8.
Wormser G, 2006. Early Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 354 :2794–2801.
Wormser GP, Nadelman RB, Dattwyler R, Dennis DT, Shapiro ED, Steere AC, Rush TJ, Rahn DW, Coyle PK, Persing DH, Fish D, Luft BJ, 2000. Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 31 (Suppl 1):S1–14.
Anonymous, 2005. Treatment of Lyme disease. Med Lett 47 :41–43.
Krause PJ, McKay K, Gadbaw J, Christianson D, Closter L, Lepore T, Telford SR, Sikand V, Ryan R, Persing D, Radolf JD, Spielman A, 2003. Increasing health burden of human babesiosis in endemic sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :431–436.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1990. Case definitions for public health surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39 :19–21.
Trevejo RT, Krause PJ, Sikand VK, Schriefer ME, Ryan R, Lepore T, Porter W, Christianson D, Pearle D, Dennis DT, 1999. Evaluation of two-test serodiagnostic method for early Lyme disease in clinical practice. J Infect Dis 179 :931–938.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :590–591.
Magnarelli LA, Meegan JM, Anderson JF, Chappell WA, 1984. Comparison of an indirect fluorescent-antibody test with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic studies of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 20 :181–184.
Krause PJ, Telford S, Ryan R, Conrad PA, Conrad M, Wilson M, Thomford JW, Spielman A, 1994. Diagnosis of babesiosis: evaluation of a serologic test for the detection of Babesia microti antibody. J Infect Dis 169 :923–926.
Ijdo JW, Wu C, Magnarelli LA, Fikrig E, 1999. Serodiagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by a recombinant HGE-44-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 37 :3540–3544.
Persing DH, Rutledge BJ, Rys PN, Podzorski DS, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Liu B, Fikrig E, Malawista SE, 1994. Target imbalance: Disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi genetic material in synovial fluid from Lyme arthritis patients. J Infect Dis 169 :668–672.
Persing DH, Mathiesen D, Marshall WF, Telford SR, Spielman AS, Thomford JW, Conrad PA, 1992. Detection of Babesia microti by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30 :2097–2103.
Pancholi P, Kolbert CP, Mitchell P, Reed KD, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Telford SR, Persing DH, 1995. Ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 172 :1007–1012.
Lastavica CC, Wilson ML, Berardi VP, Spielman A, Deblinger RD, 1989. Rapid emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 320 :133–137.
Cartter M, Hadler J, Rhodes VJ, Peterson LR, 1989. Reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Conn Med 53 :376–377.
Bennet L, Berglund J, 2002. Reinfection with Lyme borreliosis: A retrospective follow-up study in southern Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 34 :183–186.
Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Burke GS, Parcells VJ, Bell GL, and the Pediatric Lyme Disease Study Group, 1996. Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. N Engl J Med 335 :1270–1274.
Salazar JC, Gerber MA, Goff CW, 1993. Long-term outcome of Lyme disease in children given early treatment. J Pediatr 122 :591–593.
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, Bittker S, Cooper D, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP, 1996. Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol 34 :1–9.
Feder HM, Gerber MA, Luger SW, Ryan R, 1992. Persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 15 :788–793.
Krause PJ, Telford S, Spielman A, Sikand VJ, Ryan R, Christianson D, Burke G, Brassard P, Pollack R, Peck J, Persing DH, 1996. Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis: evidence for increased severity and duration of illness. JAMA 275 :1657–1660.
Thomas V, Anguita J, Barthold SW, Fikrig E, 2001. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 69 :3359–3371.
Belongia EA, Reed KD, Mitchell PD, Chyou PH, Mueller-Rizner N, Finkel MF, Schriefer ME, 1999. Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and HGE in Wisconsin. Clin Inf Dis 29 :1472–1477.
Purvis AC, 1977. Immunodepression in Babesia microti infections. Parasitology 75 :197–205.
Dumler JS, Bakken JS, 1995. Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clin Infect Dis 20 :1102–1110.
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To determine whether recurrent episodes of appropriately treated Lyme disease are caused by reinfection or relapse, we monitored pertinent clinical manifestations and serology of residents of an endemic site each year for 14 years. Of 253 episodes of early Lyme disease recorded among 213 residents, we observed 40 recurrent episodes. Virtually all included an erythema migrans (EM) rash that appeared at body sites that differed from those of the initial rash, no subjects produced detectable levels of specific antibody between sequential episodes, all episodes occurred a year or more after the initial EM episode, and all occurred during late spring and early summer. People experiencing recurrent episodes tended to have frequent contact with vector ticks. Prompt administration of standard antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease reliably eliminates persistent infection and prevents relapse.
Steere AC, Bartenhagen NH, Craft JE, Hutchinson GJ, Newman JH, Rahn DW, Sigal LH, Spieler PN, Stenn KS, Malawista SE, 1983. The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 99 :76–82.
Strle F, Cheng Y, Cimperman J, Maraspin V, Lotric-Furlan S, Nelson J, Picken MM, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Picken RN, 1995. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in resolved erythema migrans lesions. Clin Infect Dis 21 :380–389.
Kuiper H, van Dam A, Spanjaard L, de Jongh BM, Widjojokusumo A, Ramselaar TCP, Cairo I, Vos K, Dankert J, 1994. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from biopsy specimens taken from healthy-looking skin of patients with Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol 32 :715–720.
Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MG, Weinstein A, 1994. Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol 21 :454–461.
Nowakowski J, Schwartz I, Nadelman RB, Liveris D, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Wormser G, 1997. Culture-confirmed infection and reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med 127 :130–132.
Golde WT, Robinson-Dunn B, Stobierski MG, Dykhuizen D, Wang I, Carlson V, Stiefel H, Shiflett S, Campbell GL, 1998. Culture-confirmed reinfection of a person with different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1015–1109.
Steere AC, Malawista SE, Newman JH, Spieler PN, Bartenhagen NH, 1980. Antibiotic therapy in Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 93 :1–8.
Wormser G, 2006. Early Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 354 :2794–2801.
Wormser GP, Nadelman RB, Dattwyler R, Dennis DT, Shapiro ED, Steere AC, Rush TJ, Rahn DW, Coyle PK, Persing DH, Fish D, Luft BJ, 2000. Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 31 (Suppl 1):S1–14.
Anonymous, 2005. Treatment of Lyme disease. Med Lett 47 :41–43.
Krause PJ, McKay K, Gadbaw J, Christianson D, Closter L, Lepore T, Telford SR, Sikand V, Ryan R, Persing D, Radolf JD, Spielman A, 2003. Increasing health burden of human babesiosis in endemic sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :431–436.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1990. Case definitions for public health surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39 :19–21.
Trevejo RT, Krause PJ, Sikand VK, Schriefer ME, Ryan R, Lepore T, Porter W, Christianson D, Pearle D, Dennis DT, 1999. Evaluation of two-test serodiagnostic method for early Lyme disease in clinical practice. J Infect Dis 179 :931–938.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :590–591.
Magnarelli LA, Meegan JM, Anderson JF, Chappell WA, 1984. Comparison of an indirect fluorescent-antibody test with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic studies of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 20 :181–184.
Krause PJ, Telford S, Ryan R, Conrad PA, Conrad M, Wilson M, Thomford JW, Spielman A, 1994. Diagnosis of babesiosis: evaluation of a serologic test for the detection of Babesia microti antibody. J Infect Dis 169 :923–926.
Ijdo JW, Wu C, Magnarelli LA, Fikrig E, 1999. Serodiagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by a recombinant HGE-44-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 37 :3540–3544.
Persing DH, Rutledge BJ, Rys PN, Podzorski DS, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Liu B, Fikrig E, Malawista SE, 1994. Target imbalance: Disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi genetic material in synovial fluid from Lyme arthritis patients. J Infect Dis 169 :668–672.
Persing DH, Mathiesen D, Marshall WF, Telford SR, Spielman AS, Thomford JW, Conrad PA, 1992. Detection of Babesia microti by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30 :2097–2103.
Pancholi P, Kolbert CP, Mitchell P, Reed KD, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Telford SR, Persing DH, 1995. Ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 172 :1007–1012.
Lastavica CC, Wilson ML, Berardi VP, Spielman A, Deblinger RD, 1989. Rapid emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 320 :133–137.
Cartter M, Hadler J, Rhodes VJ, Peterson LR, 1989. Reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Conn Med 53 :376–377.
Bennet L, Berglund J, 2002. Reinfection with Lyme borreliosis: A retrospective follow-up study in southern Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 34 :183–186.
Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Burke GS, Parcells VJ, Bell GL, and the Pediatric Lyme Disease Study Group, 1996. Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. N Engl J Med 335 :1270–1274.
Salazar JC, Gerber MA, Goff CW, 1993. Long-term outcome of Lyme disease in children given early treatment. J Pediatr 122 :591–593.
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, Bittker S, Cooper D, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP, 1996. Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol 34 :1–9.
Feder HM, Gerber MA, Luger SW, Ryan R, 1992. Persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 15 :788–793.
Krause PJ, Telford S, Spielman A, Sikand VJ, Ryan R, Christianson D, Burke G, Brassard P, Pollack R, Peck J, Persing DH, 1996. Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis: evidence for increased severity and duration of illness. JAMA 275 :1657–1660.
Thomas V, Anguita J, Barthold SW, Fikrig E, 2001. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 69 :3359–3371.
Belongia EA, Reed KD, Mitchell PD, Chyou PH, Mueller-Rizner N, Finkel MF, Schriefer ME, 1999. Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and HGE in Wisconsin. Clin Inf Dis 29 :1472–1477.
Purvis AC, 1977. Immunodepression in Babesia microti infections. Parasitology 75 :197–205.
Dumler JS, Bakken JS, 1995. Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clin Infect Dis 20 :1102–1110.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 857 | 561 | 99 |
| Full Text Views | 805 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 259 | 10 | 0 |
