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-
2
World Health Organization, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its Control: Report of a WHO expert committee on Onchocerciasis control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 852 :1–104.
-
3
Taylor HR, Greene BM, 1989. The status of ivermectin the treatment of human onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :460–466.
-
4
Mabey D, Whitworth JA, Eckstein M, Gilbert C, Maude G, Downham M, 1996. The effects of multiple doses of ivermectin on ocular onchocerciasis. A six year follow up. Ophthalmology 103 :1001–1008.
-
5
Richards FO, Boatin B, Sauerbrey M, Sékétéli A, 2001. Control of Onchocerciasis Today: Status and Challenges. Trends Parasitol 17 :558–563.
-
6
Blanks J, Richards F, Beltran R, Collins R, Alvarez E, Zea Flores G, Bauler B, Cedillos R, Heisler M, Brandling-Bennett D, Baldwin M, Klein R, Jacox M, 1998. The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas: a history of partnership. Rev Panam Salud Publica 3 :367–374.
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7
World Health Organization, 2004. Onchocerciasis WHO, (river blindness): Report from the thirteenth InterAmerican Conference on Onchocerciasis, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia Onchocercose (cécité des rivières). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :310–312.25.
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8
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of elimination of human onchocerciasis: criteria and procedures, guidelines. Geneva: WHO/CDS/CPE/CEE/2001.18.b.
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9
Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, 2003. Report of the 13th InterAmerican Conference on Onchocerciasis. Cartagena, Columbia.
-
10
Silva JC, Beltran F, Semba R, 1992. Evaluacion Oftalmologoica de la Onchocercosis en las Americas. Guatemala: Organización Panamericana de la Salud and River Blindness Foundation: 1–14.
-
11
Lobos E, Altmann M, Mengod G, Weiss N, Rudin W, Karam M, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251 :1603–1605.
-
12
Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194 :216–221.
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13
Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li BW, Mearns G, Lobos E, Nutman TB, 2000. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 182 :1796–1799.
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THE RELIABILITY OF ANTERIOR SEGMENT LESIONS AS INDICATORS OF ONCHOCERCAL EYE DISEASE IN GUATEMALA
KEVIN L. WINTHROP
KEVIN L. WINTHROP
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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ROBERTO PROAÑO
ROBERTO PROAÑO
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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ORLANDO OLIVA
ORLANDO OLIVA
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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BYRON ARANA
BYRON ARANA
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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CARLOS MENDOZA
CARLOS MENDOZA
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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ALFREDO DOMINGUEZ
ALFREDO DOMINGUEZ
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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JOSEF AMANN
JOSEF AMANN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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GEORGE PUNKOSDY
GEORGE PUNKOSDY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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CARLOS BLANCO
CARLOS BLANCO
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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ROBERT KLEIN
ROBERT KLEIN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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MAURICIO SAUERBREY
MAURICIO SAUERBREY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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FRANK RICHARDS
FRANK RICHARDS
Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Medical Entomology Research Unit, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Program for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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World Health Organization certification criteria for onchocerciasis elimination use anterior segment eye lesion prevalence as an indicator of mass ivermectin treatment program success. Lesions either contain visible microfilaria (noninflammatory punctate keratitis [PK] or microfilariae in anterior chamber [MFAC]), or microfilaria obscured by inflammation (inflammatory PK). To assess the utility of these disease indicators, two experienced ophthalmologists independently examined persons from endemic (N = 325) and nonendemic (N = 348) Guatemalan communities. Thirty-six (11.1%) and nine (2.6%) persons from endemic and nonendemic areas respectively had lesions found by either ophthalmologist (prevalence ratio = 4.3, 95% CI 2.1–8.8, P < 0.001). All lesions in nonendemic areas were inflammatory PK in whom no persons were seropositive for onchocerciasis. Overall, observer agreement was moderate (Kappa = 0.49), and most (61%) discordance occurred with inflammatory PK lesions. Our findings suggest that inflammatory punctate keratitis is neither a specific nor a reliable indicator of onchocercal eye disease. Future prevalence surveys should rely upon noninflammatory lesions as disease indicators.
Author Notes
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-
2
World Health Organization, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its Control: Report of a WHO expert committee on Onchocerciasis control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 852 :1–104.
-
3
Taylor HR, Greene BM, 1989. The status of ivermectin the treatment of human onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :460–466.
-
4
Mabey D, Whitworth JA, Eckstein M, Gilbert C, Maude G, Downham M, 1996. The effects of multiple doses of ivermectin on ocular onchocerciasis. A six year follow up. Ophthalmology 103 :1001–1008.
-
5
Richards FO, Boatin B, Sauerbrey M, Sékétéli A, 2001. Control of Onchocerciasis Today: Status and Challenges. Trends Parasitol 17 :558–563.
-
6
Blanks J, Richards F, Beltran R, Collins R, Alvarez E, Zea Flores G, Bauler B, Cedillos R, Heisler M, Brandling-Bennett D, Baldwin M, Klein R, Jacox M, 1998. The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas: a history of partnership. Rev Panam Salud Publica 3 :367–374.
-
7
World Health Organization, 2004. Onchocerciasis WHO, (river blindness): Report from the thirteenth InterAmerican Conference on Onchocerciasis, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia Onchocercose (cécité des rivières). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :310–312.25.
-
8
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of elimination of human onchocerciasis: criteria and procedures, guidelines. Geneva: WHO/CDS/CPE/CEE/2001.18.b.
-
9
Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, 2003. Report of the 13th InterAmerican Conference on Onchocerciasis. Cartagena, Columbia.
-
10
Silva JC, Beltran F, Semba R, 1992. Evaluacion Oftalmologoica de la Onchocercosis en las Americas. Guatemala: Organización Panamericana de la Salud and River Blindness Foundation: 1–14.
-
11
Lobos E, Altmann M, Mengod G, Weiss N, Rudin W, Karam M, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251 :1603–1605.
-
12
Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194 :216–221.
-
13
Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li BW, Mearns G, Lobos E, Nutman TB, 2000. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 182 :1796–1799.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 32 | 32 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 215 | 62 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 40 | 13 | 0 |