Alausa KO, Montefiore D, Sogbetun AO, Ashiru JO, Onile BA, Sobayo E, 1977. Septicaemia in the tropics. A prospective epidemiological study of 146 patients with a high case fatality rate. Scand J Infect Dis 9 :181–185.
Archibald LK, Reller LB, 2001. Clinical microbiology in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :302–305.
Berkley JA, Lowe BS, Mwangi I, Williams T, Bauni E, Mwarumba S, Ngetsa C, Slack MP, Njenga S, Hart CA, Maitland K, English M, Marsh K, Scott JA, 2005. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med 352 :39–47.
Chaowagul W, White NJ, Dance DA, Wattanagoon Y, Naigowit P, Davis TM, Looareesuwan S, Pitakwatchara N, 1989. Melioidosis: a major cause of community-acquired septicemia in northeastern Thailand. J Infect Dis 159 :890–899.
Chierakul W, Rajanuwong A, Wuthiekanun V, Teerawattanasook N, Gasiprong M, Simpson A, Chaowagul W, White NJ, 2004. The changing pattern of bloodstream infections associated with the rise of HIV prevalence in northeastern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :678–686.
Douglas MW, Lum G, Roy J, Fisher DA, Anstey NM, Currie BJ, 2004. Epidemiology of community-acquired and nosocomial blood stream infections in tropical Australia: a 12-month prospective study. Trop Med Int Hlth 9 :795–804.
French GL, Cheng AFB, Duthie R, Cockram CS, 1990. Septicaemia in Hong Kong. J Antimicrob Chemother 25 (Suppl. C):115–125.
Hoa NT, Diep TS, Wain J, Parry CM, Hien TT, Smith MD, Walsh AL, White NJ, 1998. Community-acquired septicaemia in southern Viet Nam: the importance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :503–508.
Macfarlane DE, Narla VR, 1985. Bacteraemia at the University Hospital of the West Indies-a report of 222 cases. J Infect 10 :126–142.
Shwe TN, Nyein MM, Yi W, Mon A, 2002. Blood culture isolates from children admitted to Medical Unit III, Yangon Children’s Hospital, 1998. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hth 33 :764–771.
UNDP, Human Development Report. 2004. Available at: http:// www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/cty_f_LAO.html. Accessed 11th September 2005.
Higa N, Sithivong N, Phantouamath B, Insisienngmay S, Miyazato T, Iwanaga M, 2004. Initial stage of hospital contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. J Hosp Inf 56 :125–130.
Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Newton PN, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora’s box in Lao PDR. Clin Infect Dis 32 :653–654.
Phongmany S, Phetsouvanh R, Sisouphone S, Darasavath C, Vongphachane P, Rattanavong O, Phongmany S, Phetsouvanh R, Sisouphone S, Darasavath C, Vongphachane P, Rattanavong O, Mayxay M, Ramsay AC, Blacksell SD, Thammavong C, Syhavong B, White NJ, Newton PN, 2005. A randomized comparison of oral chloramphenicol versus ofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in Laos. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :451–458.
Phongmany S, Rolain JM, Phetsouvanh R, Blacksell SD, Soukkhaseum V, Rasachack B, Phiasakha K, Soukkhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Chu V, Keolouangkhot V, Martinez-Aussel B, Chang K, Darasavath C, Rattanavong O, Sisouphone S, Mayxay M, Vidamaly S, Parola P, Thammavong C, Heuangvongsy M, Syhavong B, Raoult D, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :256–262.
Yamashiro T, Nakasone N, Higa N, Iwanaga M, Insisiengmay S, Phounane T, Munnalath K, Sithivong N, Sisavath L, Phanthauamath B, Chomlasak K, Sisulath P, Vongsanith P, 1998. Etiological study of diarrheal patients in Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. J Clin Microbiol 36 :2195–2199.
Barrow GI, Feltham RKA, 1993. Cown And Steel’s Manual For The Identification Of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1999. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press.
Anand C, Gordon R, Shaw H, Fonseca K, Olsen M, 2000. Pig and goat blood as substitutes for sheep blood in blood-supplemented agar media. J Clin Microbiol 38 :591–594.
NCCLS. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 1998. Eighth Informational Supplement (M100-S8). Wayne, PA: NCCLS.
Weinstein MP, Towns ML, Quartey SM, Mirrett S, Reimmer LG, Parmigiani G, Reller LB, 1997. The Clinical Significance of Positive Blood Cultures in the 1990’s: a Prospective Comprehensive Evaluation of the Microbiology, Epidemiology, and Outcome of Bacteremia and Fungemia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 24 :584–602.
Murray AE, Bartzokas CA, Shepherd AJ, Roberts FM, 1987. Blood transfusion-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens septicaemia: is this an increasing problem? J Hosp Infect 9 :243–248.
Wang J-T, McDonald LC, Chang S-C, Ho M, 2002. Community-acquired Acinetobacter baumanii bacteremia in adult patients in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 40 :1526–1529.
Piliouras P, Ulett GC, Ashurst-Smith C, Hirst RG, Norton RE, 2002. A comparison of antibiotic testing methods for cotrimoxazole with Burkholderia pseudomallei.Int J Antimicrob Agents 19 :427–429.
Aronoff DM, Watt G, 2003. Prevalence of relative bradycardia in Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :477–479.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2002. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347 :1770–1782.
Connerton P, Wain J, Hien TT, Ali T, Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Ho VA, Diep TS, Day NP, White NJ, Dougan G, Farrar JJ, 2000. Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhi from four outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 38 :895–897.
Gessner BD, Sutanto A, Linehan M, Djelantik IG, Fletcher T, Gerudug IK, Ingerani Mercer D, Moniaga V, Moulton LH, Moulton LH, Mulholland K, Nelson C, Soemohardjo S, Steinhoff M, Widjaya A, Stoeckel P, Maynard J, Arjoso S, 2005. Incidences of vaccine-preventable Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia and meningitis in Indonesian children: hamlet-randomised vaccine-probe trial. Lancet 365 :43–52.
Jaruratanasirikul S, Kalnauwakul S, 1991. Edwardsiella tarda: a causative agent in human infections. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hlth 22 :30–34.
Osiri M, Tantawichien T, Deesomchock U, 1997. Edwardsiella tarda bacteremia and septic arthritis in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hlth 28 :669–672.
Huang Y-C, Lin T-Y, Wang C-H, 2002. Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in previously healthy infants and children: analysis of forty-three episodes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21 :1049–1052.
Hill PC, Wong CG, Voss LM, Taylor SL, Pottumarthy S, Drinkovic D, Morris AJ, 2001. Prospective study of 125 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children in New Zealand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20 :868–873.
Ladhani S, Konnana OS, Mwarumba S, English MC, 2003. Bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus.Arch Dis Child 89 :568–571.
The WHO Young Infants Study Group, 1999. Bacterial etiology of serious infections in young infants in developing countries: results of a multicenter study. Ped Infect Dis J 18 (Suppl):S17–S22.
Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B, 2006. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42 :1247–1253.
Phimphachanh C, Sayabounthavong K, 2004. The HIV/AIDS/ STI situation in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. AIDS Educ Prev 16 :91–99.
Bodhidatta L, Taylor DN, Thisyakorn U, Echeverria P, 1987. Control of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, by annual immunization of schoolchildren with parenteral typhoid vaccine. Rev Infec Dis 9 :841–845.
Chaowagul W, Simpson AJ, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, 1999. Empirical cephalosporin treatment of melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 28 :1328.
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There is no published information on the causes of bacteremia in the Lao PDR (Laos). Between 2000 and 2004, 4512 blood culture pairs were taken from patients admitted to Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, with suspected community-acquired bacteremia; 483 (10.7%) cultures grew a clinically significant community-acquired organism, most commonly Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (50.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.0%), and Escherichia coli (12.4%). S. aureus bacteremia was common among infants (69.2%), while children 1–5 years had a high frequency of typhoid (44%). Multi–drug-resistant S. Typhi was rare (6%). On multiple logistic regression analysis, typhoid was associated with younger age, longer illness, diarrhea, higher admission temperature, and lower peripheral white blood cell count than non-typhoidal bacteremia. Empirical parenteral ampicillin and gentamicin would have some activity against ~ 88% of clinically significant isolates at a cost of US $1.4/day, an important exception being B. pseudomallei. Bacteremic infants in this setting require an anti-staphylococcal antibiotic.
Alausa KO, Montefiore D, Sogbetun AO, Ashiru JO, Onile BA, Sobayo E, 1977. Septicaemia in the tropics. A prospective epidemiological study of 146 patients with a high case fatality rate. Scand J Infect Dis 9 :181–185.
Archibald LK, Reller LB, 2001. Clinical microbiology in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :302–305.
Berkley JA, Lowe BS, Mwangi I, Williams T, Bauni E, Mwarumba S, Ngetsa C, Slack MP, Njenga S, Hart CA, Maitland K, English M, Marsh K, Scott JA, 2005. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med 352 :39–47.
Chaowagul W, White NJ, Dance DA, Wattanagoon Y, Naigowit P, Davis TM, Looareesuwan S, Pitakwatchara N, 1989. Melioidosis: a major cause of community-acquired septicemia in northeastern Thailand. J Infect Dis 159 :890–899.
Chierakul W, Rajanuwong A, Wuthiekanun V, Teerawattanasook N, Gasiprong M, Simpson A, Chaowagul W, White NJ, 2004. The changing pattern of bloodstream infections associated with the rise of HIV prevalence in northeastern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :678–686.
Douglas MW, Lum G, Roy J, Fisher DA, Anstey NM, Currie BJ, 2004. Epidemiology of community-acquired and nosocomial blood stream infections in tropical Australia: a 12-month prospective study. Trop Med Int Hlth 9 :795–804.
French GL, Cheng AFB, Duthie R, Cockram CS, 1990. Septicaemia in Hong Kong. J Antimicrob Chemother 25 (Suppl. C):115–125.
Hoa NT, Diep TS, Wain J, Parry CM, Hien TT, Smith MD, Walsh AL, White NJ, 1998. Community-acquired septicaemia in southern Viet Nam: the importance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :503–508.
Macfarlane DE, Narla VR, 1985. Bacteraemia at the University Hospital of the West Indies-a report of 222 cases. J Infect 10 :126–142.
Shwe TN, Nyein MM, Yi W, Mon A, 2002. Blood culture isolates from children admitted to Medical Unit III, Yangon Children’s Hospital, 1998. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hth 33 :764–771.
UNDP, Human Development Report. 2004. Available at: http:// www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/cty_f_LAO.html. Accessed 11th September 2005.
Higa N, Sithivong N, Phantouamath B, Insisienngmay S, Miyazato T, Iwanaga M, 2004. Initial stage of hospital contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. J Hosp Inf 56 :125–130.
Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Newton PN, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora’s box in Lao PDR. Clin Infect Dis 32 :653–654.
Phongmany S, Phetsouvanh R, Sisouphone S, Darasavath C, Vongphachane P, Rattanavong O, Phongmany S, Phetsouvanh R, Sisouphone S, Darasavath C, Vongphachane P, Rattanavong O, Mayxay M, Ramsay AC, Blacksell SD, Thammavong C, Syhavong B, White NJ, Newton PN, 2005. A randomized comparison of oral chloramphenicol versus ofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in Laos. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :451–458.
Phongmany S, Rolain JM, Phetsouvanh R, Blacksell SD, Soukkhaseum V, Rasachack B, Phiasakha K, Soukkhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Chu V, Keolouangkhot V, Martinez-Aussel B, Chang K, Darasavath C, Rattanavong O, Sisouphone S, Mayxay M, Vidamaly S, Parola P, Thammavong C, Heuangvongsy M, Syhavong B, Raoult D, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :256–262.
Yamashiro T, Nakasone N, Higa N, Iwanaga M, Insisiengmay S, Phounane T, Munnalath K, Sithivong N, Sisavath L, Phanthauamath B, Chomlasak K, Sisulath P, Vongsanith P, 1998. Etiological study of diarrheal patients in Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. J Clin Microbiol 36 :2195–2199.
Barrow GI, Feltham RKA, 1993. Cown And Steel’s Manual For The Identification Of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1999. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press.
Anand C, Gordon R, Shaw H, Fonseca K, Olsen M, 2000. Pig and goat blood as substitutes for sheep blood in blood-supplemented agar media. J Clin Microbiol 38 :591–594.
NCCLS. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 1998. Eighth Informational Supplement (M100-S8). Wayne, PA: NCCLS.
Weinstein MP, Towns ML, Quartey SM, Mirrett S, Reimmer LG, Parmigiani G, Reller LB, 1997. The Clinical Significance of Positive Blood Cultures in the 1990’s: a Prospective Comprehensive Evaluation of the Microbiology, Epidemiology, and Outcome of Bacteremia and Fungemia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 24 :584–602.
Murray AE, Bartzokas CA, Shepherd AJ, Roberts FM, 1987. Blood transfusion-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens septicaemia: is this an increasing problem? J Hosp Infect 9 :243–248.
Wang J-T, McDonald LC, Chang S-C, Ho M, 2002. Community-acquired Acinetobacter baumanii bacteremia in adult patients in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 40 :1526–1529.
Piliouras P, Ulett GC, Ashurst-Smith C, Hirst RG, Norton RE, 2002. A comparison of antibiotic testing methods for cotrimoxazole with Burkholderia pseudomallei.Int J Antimicrob Agents 19 :427–429.
Aronoff DM, Watt G, 2003. Prevalence of relative bradycardia in Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :477–479.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2002. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347 :1770–1782.
Connerton P, Wain J, Hien TT, Ali T, Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Ho VA, Diep TS, Day NP, White NJ, Dougan G, Farrar JJ, 2000. Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhi from four outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 38 :895–897.
Gessner BD, Sutanto A, Linehan M, Djelantik IG, Fletcher T, Gerudug IK, Ingerani Mercer D, Moniaga V, Moulton LH, Moulton LH, Mulholland K, Nelson C, Soemohardjo S, Steinhoff M, Widjaya A, Stoeckel P, Maynard J, Arjoso S, 2005. Incidences of vaccine-preventable Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia and meningitis in Indonesian children: hamlet-randomised vaccine-probe trial. Lancet 365 :43–52.
Jaruratanasirikul S, Kalnauwakul S, 1991. Edwardsiella tarda: a causative agent in human infections. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hlth 22 :30–34.
Osiri M, Tantawichien T, Deesomchock U, 1997. Edwardsiella tarda bacteremia and septic arthritis in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hlth 28 :669–672.
Huang Y-C, Lin T-Y, Wang C-H, 2002. Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in previously healthy infants and children: analysis of forty-three episodes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21 :1049–1052.
Hill PC, Wong CG, Voss LM, Taylor SL, Pottumarthy S, Drinkovic D, Morris AJ, 2001. Prospective study of 125 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children in New Zealand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20 :868–873.
Ladhani S, Konnana OS, Mwarumba S, English MC, 2003. Bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus.Arch Dis Child 89 :568–571.
The WHO Young Infants Study Group, 1999. Bacterial etiology of serious infections in young infants in developing countries: results of a multicenter study. Ped Infect Dis J 18 (Suppl):S17–S22.
Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B, 2006. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42 :1247–1253.
Phimphachanh C, Sayabounthavong K, 2004. The HIV/AIDS/ STI situation in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. AIDS Educ Prev 16 :91–99.
Bodhidatta L, Taylor DN, Thisyakorn U, Echeverria P, 1987. Control of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, by annual immunization of schoolchildren with parenteral typhoid vaccine. Rev Infec Dis 9 :841–845.
Chaowagul W, Simpson AJ, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, 1999. Empirical cephalosporin treatment of melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 28 :1328.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 218 | 201 | 75 |
Full Text Views | 299 | 5 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 72 | 5 | 0 |