ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organziation, 2000. Cholera Fact Sheet No. 107. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
-
2
Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, Quick RE, 1995. Epidemic cholera in the new world: translating field epidemiology into new prevention strategies. Emerg Infect Dis 1 :141–146.
-
3
Borroto RJ, Martinez-Piedra R, 2000. Geographical patterns of cholera in Mexico, 1991–1996. Int J Epidemiol 29 :764–772.
-
4
Ackers ML, Quick RE, Drasbek CJ, Hutwagner L, Tauxe RV, 1998. Are there national risk factors for epidemic cholera? The correlation between socioeconomic and demographic indices and cholera incidence in Latin America. Int J Epidemiol 27 :330–334.
-
5
Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, 2002. Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a faster GIS approach. Health Place 8 :201–210.
-
6
Kaper JB, Morris JG Jr, Levine MM, 1995. Cholera. Clin Microbiol Rev 8 :48–86.
-
7
Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A, Morris JG Jr, Khan MN, Siddique AK, Yunus M, Albert MJ, Sack DA, Colwell RR, 2005. Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 :4645–4654.
-
8
Koelle K, Rodo X, Pascual M, Yunus M, Mostafa G, 2005. Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics. Nature 436 :696–700.
-
9
Goma Epidemiology Group, 1995. Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: What happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Lancet 345 :339–344.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1998. Cholera in 1997. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 73 :201–208.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2003. WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases—Cholera. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
12
Madoff LC, Woodall JP, 2005. The internet and the global monitoring of emerging diseases: Lessons from the first 10 years of ProMED-mail. Arch Med Res 36 :724–730.
-
13
Lanata CF, Mendoza W, Black RE, 2002. Improving Diarrhoea Estimates. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Child and Adolescent Health Development Monitoring and Evaluation Team.
-
14
Kovats RS, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrall E, Haines A, 2003. El Nino and health. Lancet 362 :1481–1489.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 896 | 707 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 826 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 456 | 15 | 1 |
REVIEW OF REPORTED CHOLERA OUTBREAKS WORLDWIDE, 1995–2005
DAVID C. GRIFFITH
DAVID C. GRIFFITH
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for other papers by DAVID C. GRIFFITH in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by DAVID C. GRIFFITH in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
LOUISE A. KELLY-HOPE
LOUISE A. KELLY-HOPE
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for other papers by LOUISE A. KELLY-HOPE in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by LOUISE A. KELLY-HOPE in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
MARK A. MILLER
MARK A. MILLER
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for other papers by MARK A. MILLER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by MARK A. MILLER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
The global temporal and spatial distribution of cholera is underappreciated, given the lack of surveillance in endemic areas and economic disincentives to report outbreaks. To judge the use of specific novel interventions such as vaccines or anti-secretory agents, we compiled a database and analyzed cholera reports from the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases from 1995 to 2005. Of the 632 reports meeting the search criteria, 66% originated in Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by 16.8% from Southeast Asia. Reported outbreaks in Africa tended to be larger in size. The most common risk factors were water source contamination, heavy rainfall and flooding, and population dislocation. While cholera reporting is sub-optimal, this review provides a detailed sub-national quantification of cholera, identifies foci of endemicity in Africa, and describes risk factors by region. We highlight the need for more extensive outbreak reporting to justify investments in new interventions.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organziation, 2000. Cholera Fact Sheet No. 107. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
-
2
Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, Quick RE, 1995. Epidemic cholera in the new world: translating field epidemiology into new prevention strategies. Emerg Infect Dis 1 :141–146.
-
3
Borroto RJ, Martinez-Piedra R, 2000. Geographical patterns of cholera in Mexico, 1991–1996. Int J Epidemiol 29 :764–772.
-
4
Ackers ML, Quick RE, Drasbek CJ, Hutwagner L, Tauxe RV, 1998. Are there national risk factors for epidemic cholera? The correlation between socioeconomic and demographic indices and cholera incidence in Latin America. Int J Epidemiol 27 :330–334.
-
5
Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, 2002. Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a faster GIS approach. Health Place 8 :201–210.
-
6
Kaper JB, Morris JG Jr, Levine MM, 1995. Cholera. Clin Microbiol Rev 8 :48–86.
-
7
Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A, Morris JG Jr, Khan MN, Siddique AK, Yunus M, Albert MJ, Sack DA, Colwell RR, 2005. Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 :4645–4654.
-
8
Koelle K, Rodo X, Pascual M, Yunus M, Mostafa G, 2005. Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics. Nature 436 :696–700.
-
9
Goma Epidemiology Group, 1995. Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: What happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Lancet 345 :339–344.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1998. Cholera in 1997. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 73 :201–208.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2003. WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases—Cholera. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
12
Madoff LC, Woodall JP, 2005. The internet and the global monitoring of emerging diseases: Lessons from the first 10 years of ProMED-mail. Arch Med Res 36 :724–730.
-
13
Lanata CF, Mendoza W, Black RE, 2002. Improving Diarrhoea Estimates. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Child and Adolescent Health Development Monitoring and Evaluation Team.
-
14
Kovats RS, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrall E, Haines A, 2003. El Nino and health. Lancet 362 :1481–1489.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 896 | 707 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 826 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 456 | 15 | 1 |