- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Chickens and triatomines.
- Immunization of chickens.
- Serum samples.
- ELISA assay.
- Immunoblot.
- Assessment of prey’s immune status upon bug’s feeding pattern.
- Influence of preying upon immune and non-immune chickens on the bug’s life cycle.
- Immune status of chicken and feeding preference of T. infestans.
- Use of fluorochromes to determine source of chicken’s blood.
- Intradermal skin testing.
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Carcavallo RU, Jurberg J, Galindez Giron I, Lent H, 1997. Atlas of Chagas’ disease vectors in the Americas. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro.
-
2
Gaunt M, Miles M, 2000. The ecotopes and evolution of triatomine bugs (Triatominae) and their associated trypanosomes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :557–565.
-
3
Lyman DF, Monteiro FA, Escalante AA, Cordon-Rosales C, Wesson DM, Dujardin JP, Beard CB, 1999. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among triatomine vectors of Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :377–386.
-
4
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas’ disease: second report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Tech Rep Series 905 :1–109.
-
5
Correa-Oliveira R, Gomes J, Lemos EM, Cardoso GM, Reis DD, Adad S, Crema E, Martins-Filho OA, Costa MO, Gazzinelli G, Bahia-Oliveira LM, 1999. The role of the immune response on the development of severe clinical forms of human Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :253–255.
-
6
Gomes JA, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Rocha MO, Martins-Filho OA, Gazzinelli G, Correa-Oliveira R, 2003. Evidence that development of severe cardiomyopathy in human Chagas’ disease is due to a Th1-specific immune response. Infect Immun 71 :1185–1193.
-
7
Wang H, Nuttall PA, 1995. Excretion of host immunoglobulin in tick saliva and detection of IgG-binding proteins in tick hae-molymph and salivary glands. Parasitology 110 :363.
-
8
Titus RG, Ribeiro JMC, 1988. Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity. Science 239 :1306–1308.
-
9
Belkaid Y, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Rowton E, Sacks DL, Ribeiro JM, 2000. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly bite: an adaptive response induced by the fly? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 :6704–6709.
-
10
Valenzuela JG, Belkaid Y, Garfield MK, Mendez S, Kamhowis S, Rowton E, Sacks DL, Ribeiro JM, 2001. Toward a defined anti-Leishmania vaccine targeting vector antigens: characterization of a protective salivary protein. J Exp Med 194 :331–342.
-
11
Faudry E, Lozzi SP, Santana JM, D’Souza-Ault M, Kieffer S, Felix CR, Ricart CA, Sousa MV, Vernet T, Teixeira AR, 2004. Triatoma infestans apyrases belong to the 5′-nucleotidase family. J Biol Chem 279 :19607–19613.
-
12
Ribeiro JM, 1995. Blood-feeding arthropods: live syringe or invertebrate pharmacologists? Infect Agents Disease 4 :143–152.
-
13
Wood SF, 1942. Reactions of man to the feeding of reduviid bugs. J Parasitol 28 :43–49.
-
14
Teo SK, Cheah JS, 1973. Severe reaction to the bite of the tri-atomid bug (Triatoma rubrofasciata) in Singapore. J Trop Med Hyg 76 :161–162.
-
15
Mott KE, França JT, Barrett TV, Hoff R, Oliveira TS, Sherlock IA, 1980. Cutaneous allergic reactions to Triatoma infestans after xenodiagnosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 75 :3–10.
-
16
Chapman MD, Marshall NA, Saxon A, 1986. Identification and partial purification of species-specific allergens from Triatoma protracta (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). J Allerg Clin Immunol 78 :436–442.
-
17
Golden DB, Marsh DG, Kagey-Sobotka A, Freidhoff L, Szklo M, Valentine MD, Lichtenstein LM, 1989. Epidemiology of insect venom sensitivity. JAMA 262 :240–244.
-
18
Nascimento RJ, Santana JM, Lozzi SP, Araujo CN, Teixeira AR, 2001. Human IgG1 and IgG4: the main antibodies against Tri-atoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) salivary gland proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :219–226.
-
19
Schweigmann NJ, Pietrokovsky S, Bottazzi V, Conti O, Wisnivesky-Colli C, 1995. Interaction between Didelphis albiventris and Triatoma infestans in relation to Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90 :679–682.
-
20
Hasek M, Knizetová F, Mervartová H, 1966. Syngenic lines of chickens. I. Inbreeding and selection by means of skin grafts and tests for erythrocyte antivens in C line chickens. Folia Biol 12 :315–342.
-
21
Brener Z, Gazzinelli RT, 1997. Immunological control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease. Int Arch Allerg Immunol 114 :103–110.
-
22
Mathews GV, Sidjanski S, Vanderberg JP, 1996. Inhibition of mosquito salivary gland apyrase activity by antibodies produced in mice immunized by bites of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :417–423.
-
23
Wikel SK, 1996. Host immunity to ticks. Annu Rev Entomol 41 :1–22.
-
24
Ghosh KN, Mukhopadhyay J, 1998. The effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on Phlebotomus argentipes and Leishmania donovani.Int J Parasitol 28 :275–281.
-
25
Lukashevich ED, Mostovisk MB, 2003. Hematophagous insects in the fossil record. Paleontol J 37 :153–161.
-
26
Valenzuela JG, Charlab R, Gonzalez EC, de Miranda-Santos IKF, Marinotti O, Francischetti IMB, Ribeiro JM, 2002. The D7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera. Ins Mol Biol 11 :149–155.
-
27
Ribeiro JM, 2004. Bugs, blood, and blisters. J Invest Dermatol 123 :xvi.
-
28
Silva F, Gomes R, Prates JD, Miranda C, Andrade B, Barral-Neto M, Barral A, 2005. Inflammatory cell infiltration and high antibody production in Balb/c mice caused by natural exposure to Lutzomyia longipalpis bites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :94–98.
-
29
Watson FL, Puttmann-Holgado R, Thomas F, Lamar DL, Hughes M, Kondo M, Rebel VI, Schmucker D, 2005. Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily proteins in the immune system of insects. Science 309 :1874–1878.
-
30
Volf P, Grubhoffer L, Hosek P, 1993. Characterization of salivary gland antigens of Triatoma infestans and antigen-specific serum antibody response in mice exposed to bites of T. infestans.Vet Parasitol 47 :327–337.
-
31
Andersen JF, Gudderra NP, Francischetti IM, Ribeiro JM, 2005. The role of salivary lipocalins in blood feeding by Rhodnius prolixus.Arch Ins Biochem Physiol 58 :97–105.
-
32
Gudderra NP, Ribeiro JM, Andersen JF, 2005. Structural determinants of factor IX(a) binding in nitrophorin 2, a lipocalin inhibitor of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. J Biol Chem 280 :25022–25028.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 448 | 367 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 282 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 8 | 0 |
TRIATOMA INFESTANS CHOOSES TO FEED UPON IMMUNE PREY
MARIANA M. HECHT
MARIANA M. HECHT
Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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ANA CAROLINA BUSSACOS
ANA CAROLINA BUSSACOS
Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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SILENE P. LOZZI
SILENE P. LOZZI
Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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JAIME M. SANTANA
JAIME M. SANTANA
Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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ANTONIO R.L. TEIXEIRA
ANTONIO R.L. TEIXEIRA
Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Blood-feeding Triatoma infestans obtained its fills from immune chickens in 15 min, but it needed 40 min for feeding upon non-immune chickens. High-titer specific IgGs and skin reactivity against T. infestans saliva antigens were elicited in immune chickens. Fluorescence-labeled leukocytes from non-immune or immune chickens were used to determine sources of blood drawn by equal numbers of triatomines distributed in separate compartments of a hut-like box. It was shown that 64.4 ± 4.7% of the reduviids were captured in the immune chicken room; 35.6 ± 4.5% were present in the non-immune chicken dwelling, and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Furthermore, T. infestans feeding upon immune birds reached the adult stage 40 days before those feeding upon non-immune birds, and differences were statistically significant. These results appear to have a broad epidemiologic significance as for spreading enzootics; hence, the immunologic status of vertebrate host populations appears to favor T. infestans as the main transmitter of Trypanosoma cruzi.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Chickens and triatomines.
- Immunization of chickens.
- Serum samples.
- ELISA assay.
- Immunoblot.
- Assessment of prey’s immune status upon bug’s feeding pattern.
- Influence of preying upon immune and non-immune chickens on the bug’s life cycle.
- Immune status of chicken and feeding preference of T. infestans.
- Use of fluorochromes to determine source of chicken’s blood.
- Intradermal skin testing.
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Carcavallo RU, Jurberg J, Galindez Giron I, Lent H, 1997. Atlas of Chagas’ disease vectors in the Americas. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro.
-
2
Gaunt M, Miles M, 2000. The ecotopes and evolution of triatomine bugs (Triatominae) and their associated trypanosomes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :557–565.
-
3
Lyman DF, Monteiro FA, Escalante AA, Cordon-Rosales C, Wesson DM, Dujardin JP, Beard CB, 1999. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among triatomine vectors of Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :377–386.
-
4
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas’ disease: second report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Tech Rep Series 905 :1–109.
-
5
Correa-Oliveira R, Gomes J, Lemos EM, Cardoso GM, Reis DD, Adad S, Crema E, Martins-Filho OA, Costa MO, Gazzinelli G, Bahia-Oliveira LM, 1999. The role of the immune response on the development of severe clinical forms of human Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :253–255.
-
6
Gomes JA, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Rocha MO, Martins-Filho OA, Gazzinelli G, Correa-Oliveira R, 2003. Evidence that development of severe cardiomyopathy in human Chagas’ disease is due to a Th1-specific immune response. Infect Immun 71 :1185–1193.
-
7
Wang H, Nuttall PA, 1995. Excretion of host immunoglobulin in tick saliva and detection of IgG-binding proteins in tick hae-molymph and salivary glands. Parasitology 110 :363.
-
8
Titus RG, Ribeiro JMC, 1988. Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity. Science 239 :1306–1308.
-
9
Belkaid Y, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Rowton E, Sacks DL, Ribeiro JM, 2000. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly bite: an adaptive response induced by the fly? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 :6704–6709.
-
10
Valenzuela JG, Belkaid Y, Garfield MK, Mendez S, Kamhowis S, Rowton E, Sacks DL, Ribeiro JM, 2001. Toward a defined anti-Leishmania vaccine targeting vector antigens: characterization of a protective salivary protein. J Exp Med 194 :331–342.
-
11
Faudry E, Lozzi SP, Santana JM, D’Souza-Ault M, Kieffer S, Felix CR, Ricart CA, Sousa MV, Vernet T, Teixeira AR, 2004. Triatoma infestans apyrases belong to the 5′-nucleotidase family. J Biol Chem 279 :19607–19613.
-
12
Ribeiro JM, 1995. Blood-feeding arthropods: live syringe or invertebrate pharmacologists? Infect Agents Disease 4 :143–152.
-
13
Wood SF, 1942. Reactions of man to the feeding of reduviid bugs. J Parasitol 28 :43–49.
-
14
Teo SK, Cheah JS, 1973. Severe reaction to the bite of the tri-atomid bug (Triatoma rubrofasciata) in Singapore. J Trop Med Hyg 76 :161–162.
-
15
Mott KE, França JT, Barrett TV, Hoff R, Oliveira TS, Sherlock IA, 1980. Cutaneous allergic reactions to Triatoma infestans after xenodiagnosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 75 :3–10.
-
16
Chapman MD, Marshall NA, Saxon A, 1986. Identification and partial purification of species-specific allergens from Triatoma protracta (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). J Allerg Clin Immunol 78 :436–442.
-
17
Golden DB, Marsh DG, Kagey-Sobotka A, Freidhoff L, Szklo M, Valentine MD, Lichtenstein LM, 1989. Epidemiology of insect venom sensitivity. JAMA 262 :240–244.
-
18
Nascimento RJ, Santana JM, Lozzi SP, Araujo CN, Teixeira AR, 2001. Human IgG1 and IgG4: the main antibodies against Tri-atoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) salivary gland proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :219–226.
-
19
Schweigmann NJ, Pietrokovsky S, Bottazzi V, Conti O, Wisnivesky-Colli C, 1995. Interaction between Didelphis albiventris and Triatoma infestans in relation to Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90 :679–682.
-
20
Hasek M, Knizetová F, Mervartová H, 1966. Syngenic lines of chickens. I. Inbreeding and selection by means of skin grafts and tests for erythrocyte antivens in C line chickens. Folia Biol 12 :315–342.
-
21
Brener Z, Gazzinelli RT, 1997. Immunological control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease. Int Arch Allerg Immunol 114 :103–110.
-
22
Mathews GV, Sidjanski S, Vanderberg JP, 1996. Inhibition of mosquito salivary gland apyrase activity by antibodies produced in mice immunized by bites of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :417–423.
-
23
Wikel SK, 1996. Host immunity to ticks. Annu Rev Entomol 41 :1–22.
-
24
Ghosh KN, Mukhopadhyay J, 1998. The effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on Phlebotomus argentipes and Leishmania donovani.Int J Parasitol 28 :275–281.
-
25
Lukashevich ED, Mostovisk MB, 2003. Hematophagous insects in the fossil record. Paleontol J 37 :153–161.
-
26
Valenzuela JG, Charlab R, Gonzalez EC, de Miranda-Santos IKF, Marinotti O, Francischetti IMB, Ribeiro JM, 2002. The D7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera. Ins Mol Biol 11 :149–155.
-
27
Ribeiro JM, 2004. Bugs, blood, and blisters. J Invest Dermatol 123 :xvi.
-
28
Silva F, Gomes R, Prates JD, Miranda C, Andrade B, Barral-Neto M, Barral A, 2005. Inflammatory cell infiltration and high antibody production in Balb/c mice caused by natural exposure to Lutzomyia longipalpis bites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :94–98.
-
29
Watson FL, Puttmann-Holgado R, Thomas F, Lamar DL, Hughes M, Kondo M, Rebel VI, Schmucker D, 2005. Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily proteins in the immune system of insects. Science 309 :1874–1878.
-
30
Volf P, Grubhoffer L, Hosek P, 1993. Characterization of salivary gland antigens of Triatoma infestans and antigen-specific serum antibody response in mice exposed to bites of T. infestans.Vet Parasitol 47 :327–337.
-
31
Andersen JF, Gudderra NP, Francischetti IM, Ribeiro JM, 2005. The role of salivary lipocalins in blood feeding by Rhodnius prolixus.Arch Ins Biochem Physiol 58 :97–105.
-
32
Gudderra NP, Ribeiro JM, Andersen JF, 2005. Structural determinants of factor IX(a) binding in nitrophorin 2, a lipocalin inhibitor of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. J Biol Chem 280 :25022–25028.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 448 | 367 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 282 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 8 | 0 |