ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Morgan UM, Constantine CC, Forbes DA, Thompson RCA, 1997. Differentiation between human and animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum using rDNA sequencing and direct PCR analysis. J Parasitol 83 :825–830.
-
2
Morgan-Ryan UM, Fall A, Ward LA, Hijjawi N, Sulaiman I, Fayer R, Tompson RC, Olson M, Lal A, Xiao L, 2002. Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens.J Euk Microbiol 49 :433–440.
-
3
Morgan UM, Xiao L, Hill BD, O’Donoghue P, Limor J, Lal A, Thompson RCA, 2000. Detection of the Cryptosporidium parvum “human” genotype in a dugong (Dugong dugon). J Parasitol 86 :1352–1354.
-
4
Smith RA, Nichols B, Mallon M, Macleod A, Tait A, Reilly WJ, Browning LM, Gray D, Reid SW, Wastling JM, 2005. Natural Cryptosporidium hominis infections in Scottish cattle. Vet Rec 156 :710–711.
-
5
Ryan UM, Bath C, Robertson I, Read C, Elliot A, McInnes L, Traub R, Besier B, 2005. Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 : 4992–4997.
-
6
Giles M, Webster KA, Marshall JA, Catchpole J, Goddard TM, 2001. Experimental infection of a lamb with Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1. Vet Rec 149 :523–525.
-
7
Tanriverdi S, Arslan MO, Akiyoshi DE, Tzipori S, Widmer G, 2003. Identification of genotypically mixed Cryptosporidium parvum populations in humans and calves. Mol Biochem Parasitol 130 :13–22.
-
8
O’Donoghue P, 1995. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int J Parasitol 25 :139–195.
-
9
Ungar BLP, 1990. Cryptosporidiosis in humans (Homo sapiens). R. Fayer, ed. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 59–82.
-
10
Frost FJ, Muller TB, Calderon RL, Craun GF, 2004. Analysis of serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigen among NHANES III participants. Ann Epidemiol 14 :473–478.
-
11
Casemore DP, Wright SE, Coop RL, 1990. Cryptosporidiosis: human and animal epidemiology. R. Fayer, ed. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 66–92.
-
12
Leach CT, Koo FC, Kuhls TL, Hilsenbeck SG, Jenson HB, 2000. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :656–661.
-
13
Frost FJ, Fea E, Gilli G, Biorci F, Muller TM, Craun GF, Calderon RL, 2000. Serological evidence of Cryptosporidium infections in southern Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 16 :385–390.
-
14
Miron D, Colodner R, Kenes Y, 2000. Age-related seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium in northern Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2 :343–345.
-
15
Tumwine JK, Kekitiinwa A, Nabukeera N, Akiyoshi D, Rich S, Widmer G, Feng X, Tzipori S, 2003. Cryptosporidium parvum among children with diarrhea in Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :710–715.
-
16
Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ, 2005. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance–United States, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 :1–8.
-
17
Ong CSL, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-El-Kariem FM, Beard CB, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal A, Fyfe M, King A, Bowie WR, Isaac-Renton J, 1999. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Colombia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :63–69.
-
18
McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Diaz S, Nichols GL, 2000. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3984–3990.
-
19
Learmonth JL, Ionas G, Ebett KA, Kwan ES, 2004. Genetic characterization and transmission cycles of Cryptosporidium species isolated from human in New Zealand. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 :3973–3978.
-
20
Widmer G, Tzipori S, Fichtenbaum CJ, Griffiths JK, 1998. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from people with AIDS. J Infect Dis 178 :834–840.
-
21
Cama VA, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Gilman RH, Ticona E, Vivar A, Kawai V, Vargas D, Zhou L, Xiao L, 2003. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Lima, Peru. J Eukaryot Microbiol 50 (Suppl):531–533.
-
22
DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W, 1995. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 30 :855–859.
-
23
Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb JH, Sterling CR, DuPont HL, 1999. Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infect Dis 180 :1275–1281.
-
24
Okhuysen PC, Rich SM, Chappell CL, Grimes K, Widmer G, Feng X, Tzipori S, 2002. Infectivity of a Cryptosporidium parvum isolate of cervine origin for healthy adults and gamma interferon-γ knockout mice. J Infect Dis 185 :1320–1325.
-
25
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Wang C, Jakubowski W, DuPont HL, 1999. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :157–164.
-
26
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, White AC Jr, 2003. Cryptosporidium parvum: Infectivity, pathogenesis, and the host-parasite relationship. Thompson RCA, Armson A, Morgan-Ryan U, eds. Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier B.V. 19–49.
-
27
Akiyoshi DE, Feng X, Buckholt MA, Widmer G, Tzipori S, 2002. Genetic analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum human genotype 1 isolate passaged through different host species. Infect Immun 70 :5670–5675.
-
28
Akiyoshi DE, Dilo J, Pearson C, Chapman S, Tumwine J, Tzipori S, 2003. Characterization of Cryptosporidium meleagridis of human origin passaged through different host species. Infect Immun 71 :1828–1832.
-
29
Arrowood MJ, Donaldson K, 1996. Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. J Eukaryot Microbiol 43 :89S.
-
30
Woodmansee DB, 1987. Studies of in vitro excystation of Cryp-tosporidium parvum from calves. J Protozool 34 :398–402.
-
31
Spano F, Putignani L, McLauchlin J, Casemore DP, Crisanti A, 1997. PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 150 :209–217.
-
32
Widmer G, Akiyoshi D, Buckholt MA, Feng X, Rich SM, Deary KM, Bowman CA, Xu P, Wang Y, Wang X, Buck GA, Tzipori S, 2000. Animal propagation and genomic survey of a genotype 1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum.Mol Biochem Parasitol 108 :187–197.
-
33
Feng X, Rich SM, Tzipori S, Widmer G, 2002. Experimental evidence for genetic recombination in the opportunistic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum.Mol Biochem Parasitol 119 :55–62.
-
34
Caccio S, Homan W, Camilli R, Traldi G, Kortbeek T, Pozio E, 2000. A microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity within human and animal genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum.Parasitol 120 :237–244.
-
35
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27 :493–497.
-
36
Tanriverdi S, Widmer G, 2006. Differential evolution of repetitive sequences in Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis.Infect Genet Evol 6 :113–122.
-
37
Baishanbo A, Gargala G, Delaunay A, François A, Ballet J, Favennec L, 2005. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 isolates in immunosup-pressed mongolian gerbils. Infect Immun 73 :5252–5255.
-
38
Xu P, Widmer G, Wang Y, Ozaki LS, Alves JM, Serrano MG, Puiu D, Manque P, Akiyoshi D, Mackey AJ, Pearson WR, Dear PH, Bankier AT, Peterson DL, Abrahamsen MS, Kapur V, Tzipori S, Buck GA, 2004. The genome of Cryptosporidium hominis.Nature 431 :1107–1112.
-
39
Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Jakubowski W, Du-Pont HL, 1998. Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum.Infect Immun 66 :441–443.
-
40
Anonymous, 2002. EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule Federal Register [CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142], 67 (940): 1811–1844.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2538 | 2371 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 667 | 21 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 255 | 24 | 0 |
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS: EXPERIMENTAL CHALLENGE OF HEALTHY ADULTS
CYNTHIA L. CHAPPELL
CYNTHIA L. CHAPPELL
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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PABLO C. OKHUYSEN
PABLO C. OKHUYSEN
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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REBECCA LANGER-CURRY
REBECCA LANGER-CURRY
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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GIOVANNI WIDMER
GIOVANNI WIDMER
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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DONNA E. AKIYOSHI
DONNA E. AKIYOSHI
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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SULTAN TANRIVERDI
SULTAN TANRIVERDI
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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SAUL TZIPORI
SAUL TZIPORI
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health and Medical School, Houston,Texas: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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Cryptosporidium hominis causes diarrhea in humans and has been associated with community outbreaks. This study describes the infectivity, illness, and serologic response after experimental challenge of 21 healthy adult volunteers with 10–500 C. hominis (TU502) oocysts. Sixteen subjects (76.2%) had evidence of infection; the 50% infectious dose (ID50) was estimated to be 10–83 oocysts using clinical and microbiologic definitions of infection, respectively. Diarrhea occurred in 40% of subjects receiving 10 oocysts with a stepwise increase to 75% in those receiving 500 oocysts. A serum IgG response was seen in those receiving more than 30 oocysts. Greatest responses were seen in volunteers with diarrhea and oocyst shedding. Volunteers with no evidence of infection had indeterminant or negative IgG responses. Cryptosporidium hominis10 oocysts) and is clinically is infectious for healthy adults (ID50 = similar to C. parvum-induced illness. In contrast to C. parvum, C. hominis elicted a serum IgG response in most infected persons.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Morgan UM, Constantine CC, Forbes DA, Thompson RCA, 1997. Differentiation between human and animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum using rDNA sequencing and direct PCR analysis. J Parasitol 83 :825–830.
-
2
Morgan-Ryan UM, Fall A, Ward LA, Hijjawi N, Sulaiman I, Fayer R, Tompson RC, Olson M, Lal A, Xiao L, 2002. Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens.J Euk Microbiol 49 :433–440.
-
3
Morgan UM, Xiao L, Hill BD, O’Donoghue P, Limor J, Lal A, Thompson RCA, 2000. Detection of the Cryptosporidium parvum “human” genotype in a dugong (Dugong dugon). J Parasitol 86 :1352–1354.
-
4
Smith RA, Nichols B, Mallon M, Macleod A, Tait A, Reilly WJ, Browning LM, Gray D, Reid SW, Wastling JM, 2005. Natural Cryptosporidium hominis infections in Scottish cattle. Vet Rec 156 :710–711.
-
5
Ryan UM, Bath C, Robertson I, Read C, Elliot A, McInnes L, Traub R, Besier B, 2005. Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 : 4992–4997.
-
6
Giles M, Webster KA, Marshall JA, Catchpole J, Goddard TM, 2001. Experimental infection of a lamb with Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1. Vet Rec 149 :523–525.
-
7
Tanriverdi S, Arslan MO, Akiyoshi DE, Tzipori S, Widmer G, 2003. Identification of genotypically mixed Cryptosporidium parvum populations in humans and calves. Mol Biochem Parasitol 130 :13–22.
-
8
O’Donoghue P, 1995. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int J Parasitol 25 :139–195.
-
9
Ungar BLP, 1990. Cryptosporidiosis in humans (Homo sapiens). R. Fayer, ed. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 59–82.
-
10
Frost FJ, Muller TB, Calderon RL, Craun GF, 2004. Analysis of serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigen among NHANES III participants. Ann Epidemiol 14 :473–478.
-
11
Casemore DP, Wright SE, Coop RL, 1990. Cryptosporidiosis: human and animal epidemiology. R. Fayer, ed. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 66–92.
-
12
Leach CT, Koo FC, Kuhls TL, Hilsenbeck SG, Jenson HB, 2000. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :656–661.
-
13
Frost FJ, Fea E, Gilli G, Biorci F, Muller TM, Craun GF, Calderon RL, 2000. Serological evidence of Cryptosporidium infections in southern Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 16 :385–390.
-
14
Miron D, Colodner R, Kenes Y, 2000. Age-related seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium in northern Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2 :343–345.
-
15
Tumwine JK, Kekitiinwa A, Nabukeera N, Akiyoshi D, Rich S, Widmer G, Feng X, Tzipori S, 2003. Cryptosporidium parvum among children with diarrhea in Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :710–715.
-
16
Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ, 2005. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance–United States, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 :1–8.
-
17
Ong CSL, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-El-Kariem FM, Beard CB, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal A, Fyfe M, King A, Bowie WR, Isaac-Renton J, 1999. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Colombia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :63–69.
-
18
McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Diaz S, Nichols GL, 2000. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3984–3990.
-
19
Learmonth JL, Ionas G, Ebett KA, Kwan ES, 2004. Genetic characterization and transmission cycles of Cryptosporidium species isolated from human in New Zealand. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 :3973–3978.
-
20
Widmer G, Tzipori S, Fichtenbaum CJ, Griffiths JK, 1998. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from people with AIDS. J Infect Dis 178 :834–840.
-
21
Cama VA, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Gilman RH, Ticona E, Vivar A, Kawai V, Vargas D, Zhou L, Xiao L, 2003. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Lima, Peru. J Eukaryot Microbiol 50 (Suppl):531–533.
-
22
DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W, 1995. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 30 :855–859.
-
23
Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb JH, Sterling CR, DuPont HL, 1999. Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infect Dis 180 :1275–1281.
-
24
Okhuysen PC, Rich SM, Chappell CL, Grimes K, Widmer G, Feng X, Tzipori S, 2002. Infectivity of a Cryptosporidium parvum isolate of cervine origin for healthy adults and gamma interferon-γ knockout mice. J Infect Dis 185 :1320–1325.
-
25
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Wang C, Jakubowski W, DuPont HL, 1999. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :157–164.
-
26
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, White AC Jr, 2003. Cryptosporidium parvum: Infectivity, pathogenesis, and the host-parasite relationship. Thompson RCA, Armson A, Morgan-Ryan U, eds. Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier B.V. 19–49.
-
27
Akiyoshi DE, Feng X, Buckholt MA, Widmer G, Tzipori S, 2002. Genetic analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum human genotype 1 isolate passaged through different host species. Infect Immun 70 :5670–5675.
-
28
Akiyoshi DE, Dilo J, Pearson C, Chapman S, Tumwine J, Tzipori S, 2003. Characterization of Cryptosporidium meleagridis of human origin passaged through different host species. Infect Immun 71 :1828–1832.
-
29
Arrowood MJ, Donaldson K, 1996. Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. J Eukaryot Microbiol 43 :89S.
-
30
Woodmansee DB, 1987. Studies of in vitro excystation of Cryp-tosporidium parvum from calves. J Protozool 34 :398–402.
-
31
Spano F, Putignani L, McLauchlin J, Casemore DP, Crisanti A, 1997. PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 150 :209–217.
-
32
Widmer G, Akiyoshi D, Buckholt MA, Feng X, Rich SM, Deary KM, Bowman CA, Xu P, Wang Y, Wang X, Buck GA, Tzipori S, 2000. Animal propagation and genomic survey of a genotype 1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum.Mol Biochem Parasitol 108 :187–197.
-
33
Feng X, Rich SM, Tzipori S, Widmer G, 2002. Experimental evidence for genetic recombination in the opportunistic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum.Mol Biochem Parasitol 119 :55–62.
-
34
Caccio S, Homan W, Camilli R, Traldi G, Kortbeek T, Pozio E, 2000. A microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity within human and animal genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum.Parasitol 120 :237–244.
-
35
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27 :493–497.
-
36
Tanriverdi S, Widmer G, 2006. Differential evolution of repetitive sequences in Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis.Infect Genet Evol 6 :113–122.
-
37
Baishanbo A, Gargala G, Delaunay A, François A, Ballet J, Favennec L, 2005. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 isolates in immunosup-pressed mongolian gerbils. Infect Immun 73 :5252–5255.
-
38
Xu P, Widmer G, Wang Y, Ozaki LS, Alves JM, Serrano MG, Puiu D, Manque P, Akiyoshi D, Mackey AJ, Pearson WR, Dear PH, Bankier AT, Peterson DL, Abrahamsen MS, Kapur V, Tzipori S, Buck GA, 2004. The genome of Cryptosporidium hominis.Nature 431 :1107–1112.
-
39
Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Jakubowski W, Du-Pont HL, 1998. Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum.Infect Immun 66 :441–443.
-
40
Anonymous, 2002. EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule Federal Register [CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142], 67 (940): 1811–1844.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2538 | 2371 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 667 | 21 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 255 | 24 | 0 |