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-
1
Pattanayak S, Sharma VP, Kalra NL, Orlov VS, Sharma RS, 1994. Malaria paradigms in India and control strategies. Indian J Malariol 31 :141–199.
-
2
Molineaux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project, Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Theander TG, 1998. Unstable malaria in Sudan. The influence of the dry season. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :589–592.
-
4
Luxemburger C, Thwai KL, White NJ, Webster HK, Kyle DE, Maelankirn L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Nosten F, 1996. The epidemiology of malaria in a Karen population on the western border of Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :105–111.
-
5
Worrall E, Rietveld A, Delacollett C, 2004. The burden of malaria epidemics and cost-effectiveness of interventions in epidemic situations in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :136–140.
-
6
Singh N, Nagpal AC, Saxena A, Singh MP, 2004. Changing scenario of malaria in central India, the replacement of Plasmodium vivax by Plasmodium falciparum (1986–2000). Trop Med Int Health 9 :364–371.
-
7
Singh N, Saxena A, 2003. Usefulness of a rapid on site Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis (Paracheck® Pf) in forest migrants and among the indigenous population at the site of their occupational activities in central India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :26–29.
-
8
Singh N, Chand SK, Mishra AK, Nagpal AC, 2004. Migration malaria associated with forest economy in central India. Curr Sci 87 :1696–1699.
-
9
Singh J, Bhattacharji LM, 1944. Rapid staining of malaria parasites by a water soluble stain. Indian Med Gaz 79 :102–104.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Geneva; World Health Organization. Offset publication 13.
-
11
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1987. Malaria and its control: present situation and future prospects. Annu Rev Public Health 8 :75–110.
-
12
Singh N, Mishra SS, Singh MP, Sharma VP, 2000. Seasonality of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in tribal villages in central India (1987–1995). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :101–112.
-
13
Akim NI, Drakeley C, Kingo T, Simon B, Senkoro K, Sauerwein RW, 2000. Dynamics of P. falciparum gametocytemia in symptomatic patients in an area of intense perennial transmission in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :199–203.
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14
Roper MH, Rebeca S, Carrion T, Claudio G, Cava G, Ellen M, Andersen JS, Arambusa G, Carlos C, Allen WH, Alan JM, 2000. The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :247–256.
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15
Raghavendra K, Subbarao SK, 2002. Chemical insecticides in malaria vector control in India. ICMR Bull 32 :94–99.
-
16
Gunasekaran K, Sahu SS, Jambulingam P, Das PK, 2005. DDT indoor residual spray, still an effective tool to control Anopheles fluviatilis transmitted Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Trop Med Int Health 10 :160–168.
-
17
Anonymous, 2004. Evaluation of the Impact of DDT and Malathion Indoor Residual Spraying Being Used in Malaria and Kala-Azar Control Programmes on the Disease Prevalence. Delhi: Malaria Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research).
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18
Sharma VP, Upretty HC, Nutan N, Raina VK, Parida SK, Gupta VK, 1982. Impact of DDT spraying on malaria transmission in villages with resistant Anopheles culicifacies.Indian J Malariol 19 :5–12.
-
19
Curtis CF, 2002. Restoration of malaria control in the Madagascar highlands by DDT spraying. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :1.
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20
Curtis CF, Lines JD, 2000. Should DDT be banned by international treaty? Parasitol Today 16 :119–121.
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21
Longnecker MP, 2005. Invited commentary: why DDT matters now. Am J Epidemiol 162 :726–728.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA IN AN AREA OF LOW TRANSMISSION IN CENTRAL INDIA
NEERU SINGH
NEERU SINGH
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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S. K. CHAND
S. K. CHAND
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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A. K. MISHRA
A. K. MISHRA
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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PRAVEEN K. BHARTI
PRAVEEN K. BHARTI
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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M. P. SINGH
M. P. SINGH
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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T. P. AHLUWALIA
T. P. AHLUWALIA
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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A. P. DASH
A. P. DASH
National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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A longitudinal study on malaria was carried out from 2003 to 2005 in an area of unstable malaria in the Panna district in central India. Both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum were prevalent; however, the risk of P. falciparum malaria was 31.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 29.6–33.6%), which is four times higher compared with that of P. vivax malaria (7.8%, 95% CI = 6.7–9%). An increasing trend was recorded in malaria prevalence from 30.2% in 2003 to 46.6% in 2004 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.5) that increased to 58.6% in 2005 (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.1). This increase was statistically significant (χ2 = 120.5, degrees of freedom = 2, P < 0.0001). Anopheles culicifacies was the dominant vector of malaria and showed partial (< 50%) resistance to DDT, which indicated that DDT can still be used. Improved access to treatment facilities, combination therapy, and vector control appears to be the most promising method for controlling malaria in this region.
Author Notes
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-
1
Pattanayak S, Sharma VP, Kalra NL, Orlov VS, Sharma RS, 1994. Malaria paradigms in India and control strategies. Indian J Malariol 31 :141–199.
-
2
Molineaux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project, Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Theander TG, 1998. Unstable malaria in Sudan. The influence of the dry season. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :589–592.
-
4
Luxemburger C, Thwai KL, White NJ, Webster HK, Kyle DE, Maelankirn L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Nosten F, 1996. The epidemiology of malaria in a Karen population on the western border of Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :105–111.
-
5
Worrall E, Rietveld A, Delacollett C, 2004. The burden of malaria epidemics and cost-effectiveness of interventions in epidemic situations in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :136–140.
-
6
Singh N, Nagpal AC, Saxena A, Singh MP, 2004. Changing scenario of malaria in central India, the replacement of Plasmodium vivax by Plasmodium falciparum (1986–2000). Trop Med Int Health 9 :364–371.
-
7
Singh N, Saxena A, 2003. Usefulness of a rapid on site Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis (Paracheck® Pf) in forest migrants and among the indigenous population at the site of their occupational activities in central India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :26–29.
-
8
Singh N, Chand SK, Mishra AK, Nagpal AC, 2004. Migration malaria associated with forest economy in central India. Curr Sci 87 :1696–1699.
-
9
Singh J, Bhattacharji LM, 1944. Rapid staining of malaria parasites by a water soluble stain. Indian Med Gaz 79 :102–104.
-
10
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Geneva; World Health Organization. Offset publication 13.
-
11
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1987. Malaria and its control: present situation and future prospects. Annu Rev Public Health 8 :75–110.
-
12
Singh N, Mishra SS, Singh MP, Sharma VP, 2000. Seasonality of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in tribal villages in central India (1987–1995). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :101–112.
-
13
Akim NI, Drakeley C, Kingo T, Simon B, Senkoro K, Sauerwein RW, 2000. Dynamics of P. falciparum gametocytemia in symptomatic patients in an area of intense perennial transmission in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :199–203.
-
14
Roper MH, Rebeca S, Carrion T, Claudio G, Cava G, Ellen M, Andersen JS, Arambusa G, Carlos C, Allen WH, Alan JM, 2000. The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :247–256.
-
15
Raghavendra K, Subbarao SK, 2002. Chemical insecticides in malaria vector control in India. ICMR Bull 32 :94–99.
-
16
Gunasekaran K, Sahu SS, Jambulingam P, Das PK, 2005. DDT indoor residual spray, still an effective tool to control Anopheles fluviatilis transmitted Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Trop Med Int Health 10 :160–168.
-
17
Anonymous, 2004. Evaluation of the Impact of DDT and Malathion Indoor Residual Spraying Being Used in Malaria and Kala-Azar Control Programmes on the Disease Prevalence. Delhi: Malaria Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research).
-
18
Sharma VP, Upretty HC, Nutan N, Raina VK, Parida SK, Gupta VK, 1982. Impact of DDT spraying on malaria transmission in villages with resistant Anopheles culicifacies.Indian J Malariol 19 :5–12.
-
19
Curtis CF, 2002. Restoration of malaria control in the Madagascar highlands by DDT spraying. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :1.
-
20
Curtis CF, Lines JD, 2000. Should DDT be banned by international treaty? Parasitol Today 16 :119–121.
-
21
Longnecker MP, 2005. Invited commentary: why DDT matters now. Am J Epidemiol 162 :726–728.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 727 | 669 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 52 | 8 | 0 |