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Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Aida Rompis A, Putra A, Suaryana KG, Fuentes A, Beer B, Hicks S, White R, Wilson B, Allan JS, 2005. Primate-to-human retroviral transmission in Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1028–1035.
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2
Wolfe ND, Switzer WM, Carr JK, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Prosseer AT, Torimiro JN, Wright A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Heneine W, 2004. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections among Central African hunters. Lancet 363 :932–937.
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3
Switzer WM, Bhullar V, Shanmugam V, Cong ME, Parekh B, Lerche NW, Yee JL, Ely JJ, Boneva R, Chapman LE, Folks TM, Heineine W, 2004. Frequent simian foamy virus infection in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. J Virol 78 :2780–2789.
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4
Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F, Loul S, Liegeois F, Butel C, Koulagna D, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Delaporte E, 2002. Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bush meat. Emerg Infec Dis 8 :451–457.
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5
Schillaci MA, Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Paramastri Y, Iskandar E, Wilson B, Allan JS, Kyes RC, Watanabe R, Grant R, 2005. Prevalence of enzootic simian viruses among urban performance monkeys in Indonesia. Trop Med Int Health 10 :1305–1314.
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6
Ohnuki-Tierney E, 1987. The Monkey as Mirror. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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7
Fuentes A, Gamerl S, 2005. Disproportionate participation by age/sex classes in aggressive interactions between long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and human tourists at Padangtegal Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 66 :197–204.
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8
Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Babo R, Froehlich J, 2001. Detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 54 :171–178.
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9
Jones-Engel L, Engel G, Schillaci MA, Kyes K, Paputangan U, Allan J, Grant R, Froehlich JW, Kyes RC, 2004. A serological survey of antibody prevalence to endemic primate pathogens among pet macaques from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 62 :42–43.
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10
Huemer Huemer HP, Larcher C, Czedik-Eysenberg T, Nowotny N, Reifinger M, 2002. Fatal infection of a pet monkey with human herpesvirus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :639–642.
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11
Ostrowski SR, Leslie MJ, Parrott T, Abelt S, Piercy PE, 1998. B-virus from pet macaque monkeys: an emerging threat in the United States? Emerg Infect Dis 4 :117–121.
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12
Malone N, Purnama AR, Wedana M, Fuentes A, 2002. Assessment of the sale of primates at Indonesian bird markets. Asian Primates 8 :7–11.
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13
Karesh WB, Cook RA, Bennett EL, Newcomb J, 2005. Wildlife trade and global disease emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1000–1002.
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14
Bell D, Roberton S, Hunter PR, 2004. Animal origins of SARS coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359 :1107–1114.
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15
Sims LD, Domenech J, Benigno C, Kahn S, Kamata A, Lubroth J, Martin V, Roeder P, 2005. Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia. Vet Rec 157 :159–164.
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16
Mack TM, Noble J, 1970. Natural transmission of smallpox from man to performing monkeys. An ecological curiosity. Lancet 11 :752–754.
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Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron M, 2006. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354 :119–130.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 230 | 114 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 58 | 27 | 3 |
EXPOSURE TO HUMAN RESPIRATORY VIRUSES AMONG URBAN PERFORMING MONKEYS IN INDONESIA
MICHAEL A. SCHILLACI
MICHAEL A. SCHILLACI
Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Swedish/Providence Family Medicine Residency, Seattle, Washington
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LISA JONES-ENGEL
LISA JONES-ENGEL
Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Swedish/Providence Family Medicine Residency, Seattle, Washington
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GREGORY A. ENGEL
GREGORY A. ENGEL
Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Swedish/Providence Family Medicine Residency, Seattle, Washington
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RANDALL C. KYES
RANDALL C. KYES
Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Swedish/Providence Family Medicine Residency, Seattle, Washington
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Performing monkeys, a common phenomena in Asia, occupy a unique urban niche that comprises a number of factors influencing the likelihood of cross-species transmission of pathogens. Here we present the first documented evidence of exposure to measles, rubella, and parainfluenza in a population of performing monkeys. Evidence of exposure to these endemic human respiratory viruses in the performing monkeys confirms human-to-primate transmission and suggests the possibility of primate-to-human transmission. Urban animal markets, the likely source of these performing monkeys, may represent an environment conducive to the mixing of animals and pathogens, making these monkeys a potential conduit for infectious agents passing from a variety of animals found in animal markets to humans. The potential significance of these results to human public health and the unique contexts of disease transmission associated with the urban ecology of the performance monkeys are discussed. Given the level of overseas travel, this potential threat is not confined solely to Asia.
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-
1
Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Aida Rompis A, Putra A, Suaryana KG, Fuentes A, Beer B, Hicks S, White R, Wilson B, Allan JS, 2005. Primate-to-human retroviral transmission in Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1028–1035.
-
2
Wolfe ND, Switzer WM, Carr JK, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Prosseer AT, Torimiro JN, Wright A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Heneine W, 2004. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections among Central African hunters. Lancet 363 :932–937.
-
3
Switzer WM, Bhullar V, Shanmugam V, Cong ME, Parekh B, Lerche NW, Yee JL, Ely JJ, Boneva R, Chapman LE, Folks TM, Heineine W, 2004. Frequent simian foamy virus infection in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. J Virol 78 :2780–2789.
-
4
Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F, Loul S, Liegeois F, Butel C, Koulagna D, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Delaporte E, 2002. Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bush meat. Emerg Infec Dis 8 :451–457.
-
5
Schillaci MA, Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Paramastri Y, Iskandar E, Wilson B, Allan JS, Kyes RC, Watanabe R, Grant R, 2005. Prevalence of enzootic simian viruses among urban performance monkeys in Indonesia. Trop Med Int Health 10 :1305–1314.
-
6
Ohnuki-Tierney E, 1987. The Monkey as Mirror. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
7
Fuentes A, Gamerl S, 2005. Disproportionate participation by age/sex classes in aggressive interactions between long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and human tourists at Padangtegal Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 66 :197–204.
-
8
Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Babo R, Froehlich J, 2001. Detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 54 :171–178.
-
9
Jones-Engel L, Engel G, Schillaci MA, Kyes K, Paputangan U, Allan J, Grant R, Froehlich JW, Kyes RC, 2004. A serological survey of antibody prevalence to endemic primate pathogens among pet macaques from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 62 :42–43.
-
10
Huemer Huemer HP, Larcher C, Czedik-Eysenberg T, Nowotny N, Reifinger M, 2002. Fatal infection of a pet monkey with human herpesvirus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :639–642.
-
11
Ostrowski SR, Leslie MJ, Parrott T, Abelt S, Piercy PE, 1998. B-virus from pet macaque monkeys: an emerging threat in the United States? Emerg Infect Dis 4 :117–121.
-
12
Malone N, Purnama AR, Wedana M, Fuentes A, 2002. Assessment of the sale of primates at Indonesian bird markets. Asian Primates 8 :7–11.
-
13
Karesh WB, Cook RA, Bennett EL, Newcomb J, 2005. Wildlife trade and global disease emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1000–1002.
-
14
Bell D, Roberton S, Hunter PR, 2004. Animal origins of SARS coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359 :1107–1114.
-
15
Sims LD, Domenech J, Benigno C, Kahn S, Kamata A, Lubroth J, Martin V, Roeder P, 2005. Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia. Vet Rec 157 :159–164.
-
16
Mack TM, Noble J, 1970. Natural transmission of smallpox from man to performing monkeys. An ecological curiosity. Lancet 11 :752–754.
-
17
Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron M, 2006. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354 :119–130.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 230 | 114 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 58 | 27 | 3 |