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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis—New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :845–849.
-
2
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
3
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
-
4
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
-
5
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
6
Tesh RB, Siirin M, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wu X, Duan T, Lei H, Nunes MR, Xiao S-Y, 2005. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: Studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections. J Infect Dis 192 :287–295.
-
7
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. Characterization of West Nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :328–331.
-
8
Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :84–93.
-
9
Farajollahi A, Panella NA, Carr P, Crans W, Burguess K, Komar N, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in black bears (Ursus americanus) from New Jersey. J Wildl Dis 39 :894–896.
-
10
Dietrich G, Montenieri JA, Panella NA, Langevin S, Lasater SE, Klenk K, Kile JC, Komar N, 2005. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, Slidell, Louisiana, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :288–292.
-
11
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
12
Santaella J, McLean R, Hall JS, Gill JS, Bowen RA, Hadow HH, Clark L, 2005. West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999–2003). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :1038–1042.
-
13
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
14
Fitzgerald JP, Meaney CA, Armstrong DM, 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado.
-
15
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
-
16
Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N, 2004. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest 16 :186–190.
-
17
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
18
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
19
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity—United States, November 20–25, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1160.
-
20
Tonry JH, Xiao S-Y, Siirin M, Chen H, Travassos Da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2005. Persistent shedding of West Nile virus in urine of experimentally infected hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :320–324.
-
21
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
22
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Evans RB, Rowley WA, 2004. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus trivittatus (Coq.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Culex pipiens (L.) to West Nile virus infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :190–197.
-
23
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Docherty DE, Hansen WR, Sileo L, McNamara TS, 2001. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :54–57.
-
24
Schmidly DJ, 1994. The Mammals of Texas: Revised Edition. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
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| Abstract Views | 1141 | 1094 | 333 |
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EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF FOX SQUIRRELS (SCIURUS NIGER) WITH WEST NILE VIRUS
J. JEFFREY ROOT
J. JEFFREY ROOT
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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PAUL T. OESTERLE
PAUL T. OESTERLE
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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NICOLE M. NEMETH
NICOLE M. NEMETH
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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KACI KLENK
KACI KLENK
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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DANIEL H. GOULD
DANIEL H. GOULD
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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ROBERT G. MCLEAN
ROBERT G. MCLEAN
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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LARRY CLARK
LARRY CLARK
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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JEFFREY S. HALL
JEFFREY S. HALL
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Tree squirrels (Sciurus spp.) have exhibited high seroprevalence rates, suggesting that they are commonly exposed to West Nile virus (WNV). Many characteristics of WNV infections in tree squirrels, such as the durations and levels of viremia, remain unknown. To better understand WNV infections in fox squirrels (S. niger), we subcutaneously inoculated fourteen fox squirrels with WNV. Peak viremias ranged from 104.00 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL of serum on day 2 post-infection (DPI) to 104.98 PFU/mL on 3 DPI, although viremias varied between individuals. Oral secretions of some fox squirrels were positive for WNV viral RNA, occasionally to moderate levels (103.2 PFU equivalent/swab). WNV PFU equivalents in organs were low or undetectable on 12 DPI; gross and histologic lesions were rare. The viremia profiles of fox squirrels indicate that they could serve as amplifying hosts in nature. In addition, viral RNA in the oral cavity and feces indicate that this species could contribute to alternative WNV transmission in suburban communities.
Author Notes
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-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis—New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :845–849.
-
2
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
3
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
-
4
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
-
5
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
6
Tesh RB, Siirin M, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wu X, Duan T, Lei H, Nunes MR, Xiao S-Y, 2005. Persistent West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster: Studies on its mechanism and possible implications for other flavivirus infections. J Infect Dis 192 :287–295.
-
7
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. Characterization of West Nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :328–331.
-
8
Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :84–93.
-
9
Farajollahi A, Panella NA, Carr P, Crans W, Burguess K, Komar N, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in black bears (Ursus americanus) from New Jersey. J Wildl Dis 39 :894–896.
-
10
Dietrich G, Montenieri JA, Panella NA, Langevin S, Lasater SE, Klenk K, Kile JC, Komar N, 2005. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, Slidell, Louisiana, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :288–292.
-
11
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
12
Santaella J, McLean R, Hall JS, Gill JS, Bowen RA, Hadow HH, Clark L, 2005. West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999–2003). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :1038–1042.
-
13
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
14
Fitzgerald JP, Meaney CA, Armstrong DM, 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado.
-
15
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
-
16
Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N, 2004. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest 16 :186–190.
-
17
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
18
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
19
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity—United States, November 20–25, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1160.
-
20
Tonry JH, Xiao S-Y, Siirin M, Chen H, Travassos Da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2005. Persistent shedding of West Nile virus in urine of experimentally infected hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :320–324.
-
21
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
22
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Evans RB, Rowley WA, 2004. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus trivittatus (Coq.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Culex pipiens (L.) to West Nile virus infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :190–197.
-
23
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Docherty DE, Hansen WR, Sileo L, McNamara TS, 2001. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :54–57.
-
24
Schmidly DJ, 1994. The Mammals of Texas: Revised Edition. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1141 | 1094 | 333 |
| Full Text Views | 253 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 6 | 0 |