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Reference Manager
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-
1
Estrada-Pena A, Jongejan F, 1999. Ticks feeding on humans: A review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Exp Appl Acarol 23 :685–715.
-
2
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Lyme Disease—United States—2000. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
3
Walker DH, Dumler JS, 1997. Human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichioses: Discovery and diagnosis of emerging tick-borne infections and the critical role of the pathologist. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121 :785–791.
-
5
Wikel SK, Bergman D, 1997. Tick-host immunology: Significant advances and challenging opportunities. Parasitol Today 13 :383–389.
-
6
Titus RG, Ribeiro JM, 1988. Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity. Science 239 :1306–1308.
-
7
Ramamoorthi N, Narasimhan S, Pal U, Bao F, Yang XF, Fish D, Anguita J, Norgard MV, Kantor FS, Anderson JF, Koski RA, Fikrig E, 2005. The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host. Nature 436 :573–577.
-
8
Hajnicka V, Vancova I, Kocakova P, Slovak M, Gasperik J, Slavikova M, Hails RS, Labuda M, Nuttall PA, 2005. Manipulation of host cytokine network by ticks: A potential gateway for pathogen transmission. Parasitology 130 :333–342.
-
9
Hill CA, Wikel SK, 2005. The Ixodes scapularis genome project: An opportunity for advancing tick research. Trends Parasitol 21 :151–153.
-
10
Aljamali MN, Bior AD, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC, 2003. RNA interference in ticks: A study using histamine binding protein dsRNA in the female tick Amblyomma americanum. Insect Mol Biol 12 :299–305.
-
11
Karim S, Ramakrishnan VG, Tucker JS, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR, 2004. Amblyomma americanum salivary gland homolog of nSec1 is essential for saliva protein secretion. Biochem Bio-phys Res Commun 324 :1256–1263.
-
12
Karim S, Ramakrishnan VG, Tucker JS, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR, 2004b. Amblyomma americanum salivary glands: Double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing of synaptobrevin homologue and inhibition of PGE2 stimulated protein secretion. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34 :407–413.
-
13
Narasimhan S, Montgomery RR, DePonte K, Tschudi C, Marcantonio N, Anderson JF, Sauer JR, Cappello M, Kantor FS, Fikrig E, 2004. Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 :1141–1146.
-
14
Pal U, Li X, Wang T, Montgomery RR, Ramamoorthi N, Desilva AM, Bao F, Yang X, Pypaert M, Pradhan D, Kantor FS, Telford S, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, 2004. TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi. Cell 119 :457–468.
-
15
Soares CA, Lima CM, Dolan MC, Piesman J, Beard CB, Zeidner NS, 2005. Capillary feeding of specific dsRNA induces silencing of the isac gene in nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Mol Biol 14 :443–452.
-
16
Das S, Banerjee G, DePonte K, Marcantonio N, Kantor FS, Fikrig E, 2001. Salp25D, and Ixodes scapularis antioxidant, is 1 of 14 immunodominant antigens in engorged tick salivary glands. J Infect Dis 184 :1056–1064.
-
17
Narasimhan S, Koski RA, Beaulieu B, Anderson JF, Ramamoorthi N, Kantor F, Cappello M, Fikrig E, 2002. A novel family of anticoagulants from the saliva of Ixodes scapularis. Insect Mol Biol 11 :641–650.
-
18
Valenzuela JG, Francischetti IM, Pham VM, Garfield MK, Mather TN, Ribeiro JM, 2002. Exploring the sialome of the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Exp Biol 205 :2843–2864.
-
19
Thomas V, Anguita J, Barthold SW, Fikrig E, 2001. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 69 :3359–3371.
-
20
Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC, 1998. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391 :806–811.
-
21
Kohno T, Hashida S, Ishikawa E, 1985. A more sensitive enzyme immunoassay of anti-insulin IgG in guinea pig serum with less non-specific binding of normal guinea pig IgG. J Biochem (Tokyo) 98 :379–384.
-
22
Ribeiro JM, Alarcon-Chaidez F, Francischetti IM, Mans BJ, Mather TN, Valenzuela JG, Wikel SK, 2006. An annotated catalog of salivary gland transcripts from Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36 :111–129.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 312 | 270 | 10 |
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| PDF Downloads | 49 | 4 | 0 |
DISRUPTION OF THE SALIVARY PROTEIN 14 IN IXODES SCAPULARIS NYMPHS AND IMPACT ON PATHOGEN ACQUISITION
JOAO H. F. PEDRA
JOAO H. F. PEDRA
Section of Rheumatology and Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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SUKANYA NARASIMHAN
SUKANYA NARASIMHAN
Section of Rheumatology and Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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KATHLEEN DEPONTE
KATHLEEN DEPONTE
Section of Rheumatology and Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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NANCY MARCANTONIO
NANCY MARCANTONIO
Section of Rheumatology and Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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FRED S. KANTOR
FRED S. KANTOR
Section of Rheumatology and Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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EROL FIKRIG
EROL FIKRIG
Section of Rheumatology and Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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We previously examined the physiological role of the anticoagulant salivary protein 14 (salp14) in adult Ixodes scapularis and showed that Salp14 played a role in tick feeding and engorgement. We now analyze whether the disruption of the salp14 family expression by RNA interference affects tick weight in naïve nymph I. scapularis. Salp14 expression after dsRNA injection was significantly reduced, as shown by mRNA and protein analysis. However, nymph engorgement weight was not altered in salp9pac (salp14 paralog) dsRNA-injected ticks. We also determined Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum acquisition in I. scapularis nymphs that had reduced Salp14 expression. B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum acquisition was not affected 72 hours after feeding. Our results suggest that different mechanisms govern nymph and adult feeding in I. scapularis.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
Estrada-Pena A, Jongejan F, 1999. Ticks feeding on humans: A review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Exp Appl Acarol 23 :685–715.
-
2
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Lyme Disease—United States—2000. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
3
Walker DH, Dumler JS, 1997. Human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichioses: Discovery and diagnosis of emerging tick-borne infections and the critical role of the pathologist. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121 :785–791.
-
5
Wikel SK, Bergman D, 1997. Tick-host immunology: Significant advances and challenging opportunities. Parasitol Today 13 :383–389.
-
6
Titus RG, Ribeiro JM, 1988. Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity. Science 239 :1306–1308.
-
7
Ramamoorthi N, Narasimhan S, Pal U, Bao F, Yang XF, Fish D, Anguita J, Norgard MV, Kantor FS, Anderson JF, Koski RA, Fikrig E, 2005. The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host. Nature 436 :573–577.
-
8
Hajnicka V, Vancova I, Kocakova P, Slovak M, Gasperik J, Slavikova M, Hails RS, Labuda M, Nuttall PA, 2005. Manipulation of host cytokine network by ticks: A potential gateway for pathogen transmission. Parasitology 130 :333–342.
-
9
Hill CA, Wikel SK, 2005. The Ixodes scapularis genome project: An opportunity for advancing tick research. Trends Parasitol 21 :151–153.
-
10
Aljamali MN, Bior AD, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC, 2003. RNA interference in ticks: A study using histamine binding protein dsRNA in the female tick Amblyomma americanum. Insect Mol Biol 12 :299–305.
-
11
Karim S, Ramakrishnan VG, Tucker JS, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR, 2004. Amblyomma americanum salivary gland homolog of nSec1 is essential for saliva protein secretion. Biochem Bio-phys Res Commun 324 :1256–1263.
-
12
Karim S, Ramakrishnan VG, Tucker JS, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR, 2004b. Amblyomma americanum salivary glands: Double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing of synaptobrevin homologue and inhibition of PGE2 stimulated protein secretion. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34 :407–413.
-
13
Narasimhan S, Montgomery RR, DePonte K, Tschudi C, Marcantonio N, Anderson JF, Sauer JR, Cappello M, Kantor FS, Fikrig E, 2004. Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 :1141–1146.
-
14
Pal U, Li X, Wang T, Montgomery RR, Ramamoorthi N, Desilva AM, Bao F, Yang X, Pypaert M, Pradhan D, Kantor FS, Telford S, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, 2004. TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi. Cell 119 :457–468.
-
15
Soares CA, Lima CM, Dolan MC, Piesman J, Beard CB, Zeidner NS, 2005. Capillary feeding of specific dsRNA induces silencing of the isac gene in nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Mol Biol 14 :443–452.
-
16
Das S, Banerjee G, DePonte K, Marcantonio N, Kantor FS, Fikrig E, 2001. Salp25D, and Ixodes scapularis antioxidant, is 1 of 14 immunodominant antigens in engorged tick salivary glands. J Infect Dis 184 :1056–1064.
-
17
Narasimhan S, Koski RA, Beaulieu B, Anderson JF, Ramamoorthi N, Kantor F, Cappello M, Fikrig E, 2002. A novel family of anticoagulants from the saliva of Ixodes scapularis. Insect Mol Biol 11 :641–650.
-
18
Valenzuela JG, Francischetti IM, Pham VM, Garfield MK, Mather TN, Ribeiro JM, 2002. Exploring the sialome of the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Exp Biol 205 :2843–2864.
-
19
Thomas V, Anguita J, Barthold SW, Fikrig E, 2001. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 69 :3359–3371.
-
20
Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC, 1998. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391 :806–811.
-
21
Kohno T, Hashida S, Ishikawa E, 1985. A more sensitive enzyme immunoassay of anti-insulin IgG in guinea pig serum with less non-specific binding of normal guinea pig IgG. J Biochem (Tokyo) 98 :379–384.
-
22
Ribeiro JM, Alarcon-Chaidez F, Francischetti IM, Mans BJ, Mather TN, Valenzuela JG, Wikel SK, 2006. An annotated catalog of salivary gland transcripts from Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36 :111–129.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 312 | 270 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 273 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 4 | 0 |