- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Development of a spatial dependence kriging model for density of I. pacificus nymphs in Mendocino County.
- Correlation of kriging model results and environmental factors.
- Modeling areas with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs in California.
- Lyme disease incidence data for California.
- Examination of association between presence of areas with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs and Lyme disease incidence.
- RESULTS
- Determination of areas in California with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs.
- Spatial patterns of Lyme disease incidence in California.
- Association between presence of areas with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs and Lyme disease incidence.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Clover JR, Lane RS, 1995. Evidence implicating nymphal Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :237–240.
-
2
Lane RS, Lavoie PE, 1988. Lyme borreliosis in California. Acarological, clinical and epidemiological studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 539 :192–203.
-
3
Eisen RJ, Mun J, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2004. Life stage-related differences in density of questing ticks and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato within a single cohort of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 41 :768–773.
-
4
Lane RS, Foley JE, Eisen L, Lennette ET, Peot MA, 2001. Acarologic risk of exposure to emerging tick-borne bacterial pathogens in a semirural community in northern California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 :197–210.
-
5
Ley C, Olshen EM, Reingold AL, 1995. Case-control study of risk factors for incident Lyme disease in California. Am J Epidemiol 142 :S39–S47.
-
6
Monsen SE, Hazeltine WE, Henderson TL, Bronson LR, Tucker JR, Smith CR, 1990. Lyme borreliosis surveillance in Butte County, California. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 15 :63–72.
-
7
Ley C, Davila IH, Mayer NM, Murray RA, Rutherford GW, Reingold AL, 1994. Lyme disease in northwestern coastal California. West J Med 160 :534–539.
-
8
Lane RS, 1990. Seasonal activity of two human-biting ticks. Calif Agric 44 :23–25.
-
9
Lane RS, 1996. Risk of human exposure to vector ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in a heavily used recreational area in northern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :165–173.
-
10
Kramer VL, Beesley C, 1993. Temporal and spatial distribution of Ixodes pacificus and Dermacentor occidentalis (Acari: Ixodidae) and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Contra Costa County, California. J Med Entomol 30 :549–554.
-
11
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS, 2002. Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol 16 :235–244.
-
12
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Castro MB, Lane RS, 2003. Environmentally related variability in risk of exposure to Lyme disease spirochetes in northern California: Effect of climatic conditions and habitat type. Environ Entomol 32 :1010–1018.
-
13
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Chang CC, Mun J, Lane RS, 2004. Acarologic risk of exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi spirochaetes: Long-term evaluations in north-western California, with implications for Lyme borreliosis risk-assessment models. Med Vet Entomol 18 :38–49.
-
14
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2006. Predicting density of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :632–640.
-
15
Lane RS, Steinlein DB, Mun J, 2004. Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. J Med Entomol 41 :239–248.
-
16
Tälleklint-Eisen L, Lane RS, 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in the density of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Environ Entomol 29 :272–280.
-
17
Fritz CL, Vugia DJ, 2001. Clinical issues in Lyme borreliosis: a California perspective. Infect Dis Rev 3 :111–122.
-
18
Sall J, Creighton L, Lehman A, 2005. JMP Start Statistics. Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
-
19
Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D, 2003. A climate-based model predicts the spatial distribution of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 111 :1152–1157.
-
20
Bunnell JE, Price SD, Das A, Shields TM, Glass GE, 2003. Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A. J Med Entomol 40 :570–576.
-
21
Estrada-Peña A, 1998. Geostatistics and remote sensing as predictive tools of tick distribution: A cokriging system to estimate Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) habitat suitability in the United States and Canada from advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite imagery. J Med Entomol 35 :989–995.
-
22
Guerra M, Walker E, Jones C, Paskewitz S, Cortinas MR, Stancil A, Beck L, Bobo M, Kitron U, 2002. Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: Habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :289–297.
-
23
Kitron U, Bouseman JK, Jones CJ, 1991. Use of the ARC/INFO GIS to study the distribution of Lyme disease ticks in an Illinois county. Prev Vet Med 11 :243–248.
-
24
Dister SW, Fish D, Bros SM, Frank DH, Wood BL, 1997. Landscape characterization of peridomestic risk for Lyme disease using satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :687–692.
-
25
Glass GE, Schwartz BS, Morgan JM III, Johnson DT, Noy PM, Israel E, 1995. Environmental risk factors for Lyme disease identified with geographic information systems. Am J Public Health 85 :944–948.
-
26
Guerra MA, Walker ED, Kitron U, 2001. Canine surveillance system for Lyme borreliosis in Wisconsin and northern Illinois: geographic distribution and risk factor analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :546–552.
-
27
Kitron U, Kazmierczak JJ, 1997. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 145 :558–566.
-
28
Meyers HB, Moore DF, Gellert G, Euler GL, Prendergast TJ, Badri M, Webb JP, Fogarty CL, 1992. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from ticks in southern California. West J Med 157 :455–456.
-
29
Schwan TG, Schrumpf ME, Karstens RH, Clover JR, Wong J, Daugherty M, Struthers M, Rosa PA, 1993. Distribution and molecular analysis of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, isolated from ticks throughout California. J Clin Microbiol 31 :3096–3108.
-
30
Postic D, Marti-Ras N, Lane RS, Hendon M, Baranton G, 1998. Expanded diversity among Californian Borrelia isolates and description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (formerly Borrelia group DN127). J Clin Microbiol 36 :3497–3504.
-
31
Vredevoe LK, Stevens JR, Schneider BS, 2004. Detection and characterization of Borrelia bissettii in rodents from the central California coast. J Med Entomol 41 :736–745.
-
32
Lane RS, Mun J, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, 2005. Western gray squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae): A primary reservoir host of Borrelia burgdorferi in Californian oak woodlands? J Med Entomol 42 :388–396.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 501 | 432 | 239 |
| Full Text Views | 561 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 278 | 21 | 0 |
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LYME DISEASE RISK IN CALIFORNIA BASED ON DISEASE INCIDENCE DATA AND MODELING OF VECTOR-TICK EXPOSURE
REBECCA J. EISEN
REBECCA J. EISEN
Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, Division of Communicable Diseases, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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ROBERT S. LANE
ROBERT S. LANE
Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, Division of Communicable Diseases, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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CURTIS L. FRITZ
CURTIS L. FRITZ
Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, Division of Communicable Diseases, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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LARS EISEN
LARS EISEN
Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, Division of Communicable Diseases, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Ixodes pacificus, particularly the nymphal life stage, is the primary vector to humans of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi in California. During 2004, we collected I. pacificus nymphs from 78 woodland sites in ecologically diverse Mendocino County, which has a moderately high incidence of Lyme disease. Within this county, nymphal density was elevated in forested areas with a growing degree day range of 2,600–3,000 (10°C base). Using a geographic information systems approach, we identified all areas in California sharing these environmental characteristics and thus projected to pose high acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking nymphal ticks. Such areas were most commonly detected in the northwestern part of the state and along the Sierra Nevada foothills in the northeast, but the analysis also identified isolated areas with high acarologic risk in southern California. This mirrors the spatial distribution of endemic Lyme disease during 1993–2005; most cases occurred in counties to the northwest (58%) or northeast (26%), whereas fewer cases were reported from southern California (16%). Southern zip-codes from which Lyme disease cases had been reported were commonly located in close proximity to areas with high projected acarologic risk. Overall, Lyme disease incidence in zip code areas containing habitat with high projected acarologic risk was 10-fold higher than in zip code areas lacking such habitat and 27 times higher than for zip code areas without this habitat type within 50 km. A comparison of spatial Lyme disease incidence patterns based on county versus zip code units showed that calculating and displaying disease incidence at the zip code scale is a useful method to detect small, isolated areas with elevated disease risk that otherwise may go undetected.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Development of a spatial dependence kriging model for density of I. pacificus nymphs in Mendocino County.
- Correlation of kriging model results and environmental factors.
- Modeling areas with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs in California.
- Lyme disease incidence data for California.
- Examination of association between presence of areas with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs and Lyme disease incidence.
- RESULTS
- Determination of areas in California with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs.
- Spatial patterns of Lyme disease incidence in California.
- Association between presence of areas with high projected acarologic risk of exposure to host-seeking I. pacificus nymphs and Lyme disease incidence.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Clover JR, Lane RS, 1995. Evidence implicating nymphal Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :237–240.
-
2
Lane RS, Lavoie PE, 1988. Lyme borreliosis in California. Acarological, clinical and epidemiological studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 539 :192–203.
-
3
Eisen RJ, Mun J, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2004. Life stage-related differences in density of questing ticks and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato within a single cohort of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 41 :768–773.
-
4
Lane RS, Foley JE, Eisen L, Lennette ET, Peot MA, 2001. Acarologic risk of exposure to emerging tick-borne bacterial pathogens in a semirural community in northern California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 :197–210.
-
5
Ley C, Olshen EM, Reingold AL, 1995. Case-control study of risk factors for incident Lyme disease in California. Am J Epidemiol 142 :S39–S47.
-
6
Monsen SE, Hazeltine WE, Henderson TL, Bronson LR, Tucker JR, Smith CR, 1990. Lyme borreliosis surveillance in Butte County, California. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 15 :63–72.
-
7
Ley C, Davila IH, Mayer NM, Murray RA, Rutherford GW, Reingold AL, 1994. Lyme disease in northwestern coastal California. West J Med 160 :534–539.
-
8
Lane RS, 1990. Seasonal activity of two human-biting ticks. Calif Agric 44 :23–25.
-
9
Lane RS, 1996. Risk of human exposure to vector ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in a heavily used recreational area in northern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :165–173.
-
10
Kramer VL, Beesley C, 1993. Temporal and spatial distribution of Ixodes pacificus and Dermacentor occidentalis (Acari: Ixodidae) and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Contra Costa County, California. J Med Entomol 30 :549–554.
-
11
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS, 2002. Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol 16 :235–244.
-
12
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Castro MB, Lane RS, 2003. Environmentally related variability in risk of exposure to Lyme disease spirochetes in northern California: Effect of climatic conditions and habitat type. Environ Entomol 32 :1010–1018.
-
13
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Chang CC, Mun J, Lane RS, 2004. Acarologic risk of exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi spirochaetes: Long-term evaluations in north-western California, with implications for Lyme borreliosis risk-assessment models. Med Vet Entomol 18 :38–49.
-
14
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2006. Predicting density of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :632–640.
-
15
Lane RS, Steinlein DB, Mun J, 2004. Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. J Med Entomol 41 :239–248.
-
16
Tälleklint-Eisen L, Lane RS, 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in the density of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Environ Entomol 29 :272–280.
-
17
Fritz CL, Vugia DJ, 2001. Clinical issues in Lyme borreliosis: a California perspective. Infect Dis Rev 3 :111–122.
-
18
Sall J, Creighton L, Lehman A, 2005. JMP Start Statistics. Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
-
19
Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D, 2003. A climate-based model predicts the spatial distribution of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 111 :1152–1157.
-
20
Bunnell JE, Price SD, Das A, Shields TM, Glass GE, 2003. Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A. J Med Entomol 40 :570–576.
-
21
Estrada-Peña A, 1998. Geostatistics and remote sensing as predictive tools of tick distribution: A cokriging system to estimate Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) habitat suitability in the United States and Canada from advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite imagery. J Med Entomol 35 :989–995.
-
22
Guerra M, Walker E, Jones C, Paskewitz S, Cortinas MR, Stancil A, Beck L, Bobo M, Kitron U, 2002. Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: Habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :289–297.
-
23
Kitron U, Bouseman JK, Jones CJ, 1991. Use of the ARC/INFO GIS to study the distribution of Lyme disease ticks in an Illinois county. Prev Vet Med 11 :243–248.
-
24
Dister SW, Fish D, Bros SM, Frank DH, Wood BL, 1997. Landscape characterization of peridomestic risk for Lyme disease using satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :687–692.
-
25
Glass GE, Schwartz BS, Morgan JM III, Johnson DT, Noy PM, Israel E, 1995. Environmental risk factors for Lyme disease identified with geographic information systems. Am J Public Health 85 :944–948.
-
26
Guerra MA, Walker ED, Kitron U, 2001. Canine surveillance system for Lyme borreliosis in Wisconsin and northern Illinois: geographic distribution and risk factor analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :546–552.
-
27
Kitron U, Kazmierczak JJ, 1997. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 145 :558–566.
-
28
Meyers HB, Moore DF, Gellert G, Euler GL, Prendergast TJ, Badri M, Webb JP, Fogarty CL, 1992. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from ticks in southern California. West J Med 157 :455–456.
-
29
Schwan TG, Schrumpf ME, Karstens RH, Clover JR, Wong J, Daugherty M, Struthers M, Rosa PA, 1993. Distribution and molecular analysis of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, isolated from ticks throughout California. J Clin Microbiol 31 :3096–3108.
-
30
Postic D, Marti-Ras N, Lane RS, Hendon M, Baranton G, 1998. Expanded diversity among Californian Borrelia isolates and description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (formerly Borrelia group DN127). J Clin Microbiol 36 :3497–3504.
-
31
Vredevoe LK, Stevens JR, Schneider BS, 2004. Detection and characterization of Borrelia bissettii in rodents from the central California coast. J Med Entomol 41 :736–745.
-
32
Lane RS, Mun J, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, 2005. Western gray squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae): A primary reservoir host of Borrelia burgdorferi in Californian oak woodlands? J Med Entomol 42 :388–396.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 501 | 432 | 239 |
| Full Text Views | 561 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 278 | 21 | 0 |