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1
Ministry of Health P, Togo, 2003. Rapport: Collecte Dynamique des Données de Morbidité et de Mortalité sur le Paludisme Pour le Suivi et l’Evaluation de FRP au Togo. Lome, Togo: Ministry of Health.
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2
2001. The Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa (MARA). Available at http://www.mara.org.za.
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3
Takpa VMK, Gbendonou P, Gittelman D, Eliades MJ, Cairns L, 2005. Distribution of insecticide-treated bednets during and integrated nationwide immunization campaign-Togo, West Africa, December 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 :994–996.
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4
World Health Organization, 2002. The World Health Report, Statistical Annex. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5
Ministry of Health T, 2003. Principaux Indicateurs de Sante 2002. Lome, Togo: Ministry of Health.
-
7
World Bank, 2000. African Development Indicators 2000. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
8
Binka FN, Morris SS, Ross DA, Arthur P, Aryeetey ME, 1994. Patterns of malaria morbidity and mortality in children in northern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :381–385.
-
9
Modiano D, Sirima BS, Sawadogo A, Sanou I, Pare J, Konate A, Pagnoni F, 1998. Severe malaria in Burkina Faso: Influence of age and transmission level on clinical presentation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :539–542.
-
10
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev :CD000363.
-
11
Bremen J, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: Manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :1–11.
-
12
Deming MS, Gayibor A, Murphy K, Jones TS, Karsa T, 1989. Home treatment of febrile children with antimalarial drugs in Togo. Bull World Health Organ 67 :695–700.
-
13
World Health Organizaiton, 2003. Minutes MERG Anaemia Task Force Meeting. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Menendez C, Fleming AF, Alonso PL, 2000. Malaria-related anaemia. Parasitol Today 16 :469–476.
-
15
Stoltzfus R, 2001. Defining iron-deficiency anemia in public health terms: A time for reflection. J Nutr 131 :565S–567S.
-
16
Koram KA, Owusu-Agyei S, Utz G, Binka FN, Baird JK, Hoffman SL, Nkrumah FK, 2000. Severe anemia in young children after high and low malaria transmission seasons in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :670–674.
-
17
Owusu-Agyei S, Fryauff DJ, Chandramohan D, Koram KA, Binka FN, Nkrumah FK, Utz GC, Hoffman SL, 2002. Characteristics of severe anemia and its association with malaria in young children of the Kassena-Nankana District of northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :371–377.
-
18
Pit DS, Rijcken FEM, Raspoort EC, Baeta SM, Poldereman AM, 1999. Geographic distribution and epidemiology of Oesophogostomum bifurcum and hookworm infections in humans in Togo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :951–955.
-
19
Storey PA, Steenhard NR, Van Lieshout L, Anemana S, Magnussen P, Polderman AM, 2001. Natural progression of Oesophagostomum bifurcum pathology and infection in a rural community of northern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :295–299.
-
20
World Health Organization, 2003. Minutes MERG Anemia Task Force Meeting. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Korenromp EL, Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Williams BG, Nahlen BL, Snow RW, 2004. Impact of malaria control on childhood anaemia in Africa—a quantitative review. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1050–1065.
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BURDEN OF MALARIA AT COMMUNITY LEVEL IN CHILDREN LESS THAN 5 YEARS OF AGE IN TOGO
M. JAMES ELIADES
M. JAMES ELIADES
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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ADAM WOLKON
ADAM WOLKON
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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KODJO MORGAH
KODJO MORGAH
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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SARA B. CRAWFORD
SARA B. CRAWFORD
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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AMEYO DORKENOO
AMEYO DORKENOO
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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YAO SODAHLON
YAO SODAHLON
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
WILLIAM A. HAWLEY
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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ALLEN W. HIGHTOWER
ALLEN W. HIGHTOWER
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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FEIKO O. TER KUILE
FEIKO O. TER KUILE
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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DIANNE J. TERLOUW
DIANNE J. TERLOUW
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Malaria Program, Togo Ministry of Health, Lome, Togo; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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A community-based baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted in three districts in Togo in September 2004 as part of a multidisciplinary evaluation of the impact of the Togo National Integrated Child Health Campaign. During this campaign, long-lasting-insecticide-treated bed nets (LLITNs) were distributed to households with children between 9 months and 5 years of age throughout the country in December 2004. The pre-intervention survey provided baseline malaria and anemia prevalence in children < 5 years of age during peak malaria transmission. Of 2,532 enrolled children from 1,740 households, 62.2% (1,352/2,172) were parasitemic and 84.4% (2,129/2,524) were anemic (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL). Moderate-to-severe anemia (< 8.0 g/dL) was found in 21.7% (543/2,524), with a peak prevalence in children 6–17 months of age and was strongly correlated with parasitemia (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.8–2.5). Net ownership (mainly untreated) was 225/2,532 (8.9%). Subsequent nation-wide introduction of LLITNs and the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy have the potential to markedly reduce this burden of malaria.
Author Notes
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-
1
Ministry of Health P, Togo, 2003. Rapport: Collecte Dynamique des Données de Morbidité et de Mortalité sur le Paludisme Pour le Suivi et l’Evaluation de FRP au Togo. Lome, Togo: Ministry of Health.
-
2
2001. The Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa (MARA). Available at http://www.mara.org.za.
-
3
Takpa VMK, Gbendonou P, Gittelman D, Eliades MJ, Cairns L, 2005. Distribution of insecticide-treated bednets during and integrated nationwide immunization campaign-Togo, West Africa, December 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 :994–996.
-
4
World Health Organization, 2002. The World Health Report, Statistical Annex. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5
Ministry of Health T, 2003. Principaux Indicateurs de Sante 2002. Lome, Togo: Ministry of Health.
-
7
World Bank, 2000. African Development Indicators 2000. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
8
Binka FN, Morris SS, Ross DA, Arthur P, Aryeetey ME, 1994. Patterns of malaria morbidity and mortality in children in northern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :381–385.
-
9
Modiano D, Sirima BS, Sawadogo A, Sanou I, Pare J, Konate A, Pagnoni F, 1998. Severe malaria in Burkina Faso: Influence of age and transmission level on clinical presentation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :539–542.
-
10
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev :CD000363.
-
11
Bremen J, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: Manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :1–11.
-
12
Deming MS, Gayibor A, Murphy K, Jones TS, Karsa T, 1989. Home treatment of febrile children with antimalarial drugs in Togo. Bull World Health Organ 67 :695–700.
-
13
World Health Organizaiton, 2003. Minutes MERG Anaemia Task Force Meeting. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Menendez C, Fleming AF, Alonso PL, 2000. Malaria-related anaemia. Parasitol Today 16 :469–476.
-
15
Stoltzfus R, 2001. Defining iron-deficiency anemia in public health terms: A time for reflection. J Nutr 131 :565S–567S.
-
16
Koram KA, Owusu-Agyei S, Utz G, Binka FN, Baird JK, Hoffman SL, Nkrumah FK, 2000. Severe anemia in young children after high and low malaria transmission seasons in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :670–674.
-
17
Owusu-Agyei S, Fryauff DJ, Chandramohan D, Koram KA, Binka FN, Nkrumah FK, Utz GC, Hoffman SL, 2002. Characteristics of severe anemia and its association with malaria in young children of the Kassena-Nankana District of northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :371–377.
-
18
Pit DS, Rijcken FEM, Raspoort EC, Baeta SM, Poldereman AM, 1999. Geographic distribution and epidemiology of Oesophogostomum bifurcum and hookworm infections in humans in Togo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :951–955.
-
19
Storey PA, Steenhard NR, Van Lieshout L, Anemana S, Magnussen P, Polderman AM, 2001. Natural progression of Oesophagostomum bifurcum pathology and infection in a rural community of northern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :295–299.
-
20
World Health Organization, 2003. Minutes MERG Anemia Task Force Meeting. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Korenromp EL, Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Williams BG, Nahlen BL, Snow RW, 2004. Impact of malaria control on childhood anaemia in Africa—a quantitative review. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1050–1065.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1251 | 1150 | 279 |
| Full Text Views | 293 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 83 | 8 | 0 |