AMINO ACID MUTATIONS IN PLASMODIUM VIVAX DHFR AND DHPS FROM SEVERAL GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIFOLATE DRUGS

ALYSON AULIFF Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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DANNY W. WILSON Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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BRUCE RUSSELL Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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QI GAO Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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NANHUA CHEN Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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LE NGOC ANH Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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JASON MAGUIRE Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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DAVID BELL Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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MICHAEL T. O’NEIL Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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QIN CHENG Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Jiangsu Institute for Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Military Medicine, Vietnam; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, Maryland

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The increasing use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has resulted in increased reports of SP resistance of P. falciparum worldwide. Selection of SP-resistant Plasmodium vivax in areas where P. falciparum and P. vivax co-exist is not entirely clear. We examined the prevalence and extent of point mutations in pvdhfr and pvdhps in 70 P. vivax isolates from China, East Timor, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Philippines, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Mutations in seven codon positions were found in pvdhfr, with the majority of isolates having double mutations (S58R/S117N). The greatest range of mutations was observed in the PNG and Vanuatu isolates, ranging from single to quadruple mutations (F57L/S58R/T61M/S117T). Single mutations in pvdhps were observed only in parasites with mutations in corresponding pvdhfr. Parasites with the S58R/S117N dhfr allelic type showed an MIC level for pyrimethamine and cycloguanil comparable to that previously reported, but were susceptible to WR99210.

Author Notes

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