Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Mendis KN, Munesinghe YD, de Silva YN, Keragalla I, Carter R, 1987. Malaria transmission-blocking immunity induced by natural infections of Plasmodium vivax in humans. Infect Immun 55 :369–372.
-
2
Munesinghe YD, Mendis KN, Carter R, 1986. Anti-gamete antibodies block transmission of human vivax malaria to mosquitoes. Parasite Immunol 8 :231–238.
-
3
Mendis KN, David PH, Carter R, 1990. Human immune responses against sexual stages of malaria parasites: considerations for malaria vaccines. Int J Parasitol 20 :497–502.
-
4
Roeffen W, Geeraedts F, Eling W, Beckers P, Wizel B, Kumar N, Lensen T, Sauerwein R, 1995. Transmission blockade of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by anti-Pfs230-specific antibodies is isotype dependent. Infect Immun 63 :467–471.
-
5
Healer J, McGuinness D, Hopcroft P, Haley S, Carter R, Riley E, 1997. Complement-mediated lysis of Plasmodium falciparum gametes by malaria-immune human sera is associated with antibodies to the gamete surface antigen Pfs230. Infect Immun 65 :3017–3023.
-
6
Lensen AH, Bolmer-Van de Vegte M, van Gemert GJ, Eling WM, Sauerwein RW, 1997. Leukocytes in a Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood meal reduce transmission of malaria to Anopheles mosquitoes. Infect Immun 65 :3834–3837.
-
7
Sattabongkot J, Maneechai N, Rosenberg R, 1991. Plasmodium vivax: gametocyte infectivity of naturally infected Thai adults. Parasitology 102 :27–31.
-
8
Mendis K, Sina BJ, Marchesini P, Carter R, 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :97–106.
-
9
Roberts DR, Laughlin LL, Hsheih P, Legters LJ, 1997. DDT, global strategies, and a malaria control crisis in South America. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :295–302.
-
10
Nosten F, McGready R, Simpson JA, Thwai KL, Balkan S, Cho T, Hkirijaroen L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 1999. Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. Lancet 354 :546–549.
-
11
Vittor AY, Gilman RH, Tielsch J, Glass G, Shields T, Lozano WS, Pinedo-Cancino V, Patz JA, 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :3–11.
-
12
Aramburu Guarda J, Ramal Asayag C, Witzig R, 1999. Malaria reemergence in the Peruvian Amazon region. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :209–215.
-
13
Schoeler GB, Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Davila JR, Zyzak M, 2003. Geographical distribution of Anopheles darlingi in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19 :286–296.
-
14
Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Escobedo-Vargas KS, Vela-Perez Q, Schoeler GB, 2004. Natural Plasmodium infections in Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) from eastern Peru. J Med Entomol 41 :489–494.
-
15
Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Druilhe P, 1996. Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :15–19.
-
16
Camargo EP, Alves F, Pereira da Silva LH, 1999. Symptomless Plasmodium vivax infections in native Amazonians. Lancet 353 :1415–1416.
-
17
Camargo LM, Noronha E, Salcedo JM, Dutra AP, Krieger H, Pereira da Silva LH, Camargo EP, 1999. The epidemiology of malaria in Rondonia (Western Amazon region, Brazil): study of a riverine population. Acta Trop 72 :1–11.
-
18
Alves FP, Durlacher RR, Menezes MJ, Krieger H, Silva LH, Camargo EP, 2002. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazonian populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :641–648.
-
19
Roshanravan B, Kari E, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Lee E, Metcalfe J, Calderon M, Lescano AG, Montenegro SH, Calampa C, Vinetz JM, 2003. Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :45–52.
-
20
Branch O, Casapia WM, Gamboa DV, Hernandez JN, Alava FF, Roncal N, Alvarez E, Perez EJ, Gotuzzo E, 2005. Clustered local transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon community. Malar J 4 :27.
-
21
Marrelli MT, Honorio NA, Flores-Mendoza C, Lourencode-Oliveira R, Marinotti O, Kloetzel JK, 1999. Comparative susceptibility of two members of the Anopheles oswaldoi complex, An. oswaldoi and An. konderi, to infection by Plasmodium vivax. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :381–384.
-
22
Drakeley CJ, Jawara M, Targett GA, Walraven G, Obisike U, Coleman R, Pinder M, Sutherland CJ, 2004. Addition of arte-sunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health 9 :53–61.
-
23
Tsuboi T, Kaslow DC, Gozar MM, Tachibana M, Cao YM, Torii M, 1998. Sequence polymorphism in two novel Plasmodium vivax ookinete surface proteins, Pvs25 and Pvs28, that are malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidates. Mol Med 4 :772–782.
-
24
Sattabongkot J, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Eikarat N, Khuntirat B, Sirichaisinthop J, Burge R, Coleman RE, 2003. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate the infectiousness of Plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :529–535.
-
25
Alves FP, Gil LH, Marrelli MT, Ribolla PE, Camargo EP, Da Silva LH, 2005. Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium spp. as infection source for malaria vector mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol 42 :777–779.
-
26
Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Hisaeda H, Tachibana M, Suwanabun N, Rungruang T, Cao YM, Stowers AW, Sirichaisinthop J, Coleman RE, Torii M, 2003. Blocking of transmission to mosquitoes by antibody to Plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine candidates Pvs25 and Pvs28 despite antigenic polymorphism in field isolates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :536–541.
-
27
Coleman RE, Kumpitak C, Ponlawat A, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Rachapaew N, Zollner G, Sattabongkot J, 2004. Infectivity of asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected human populations to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in western Thailand. J Med Entomol 41 :201–208.
-
28
Anstey NM, Weinberg JB, Hassanali MY, Mwaikambo ED, Manyenga D, Misukonis MA, Arnelle DR, Hollis D, McDonald MI, Granger DL, 1996. Nitric oxide in Tanzanian children with malaria: inverse relationship between malaria severity and nitric oxide production/nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression. J Exp Med 184 :557–567.
-
29
Su Z, Stevenson MM, 2000. Central role of endogenous gamma interferon in protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection. Infect Immun 68 :4399–4406.
-
30
Balmer P, Phillips HM, Maestre AE, McMonagle FA, Phillips RS, 2000. The effect of nitric oxide on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, P. chabaudi and P. berghei in vitro. Parasite Immunol 22 :97–106.
-
31
Motard A, Landau I, Nussler A, Grau G, Baccam D, Mazier D, Targett GA, 1993. The role of reactive nitrogen intermediates in modulation of gametocyte infectivity of rodent malaria parasites. Parasite Immunol 15 :21–26.
-
32
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin BJ, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 :251–263.
-
33
Ramsey JM, Salinas E, Rodriguez MH, Beaudoin RL, 1994. Effects of transmission-blocking immunity on Plasmodium vivax infections in Anopheles albimanus populations. J Parasitol 80 :88–92.
-
34
Gamage-Mendis AC, Rajakaruna J, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1992. Transmission blocking immunity to human Plasmodium vivax malaria in an endemic population in Kataragama, Sri Lanka. Parasite Immunol 14 :385–396.
-
35
Somboon P, Suwonkerd W, Lines JD, 1994. Susceptibility of Thai zoophilic Anophelines and suspected malaria vectors to local strains of human malaria parasites. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 25 :766–770.
-
36
Ramsey JM, Salinas E, Rodriguez MH, 1996. Acquired transmission-blocking immunity to Plasmodium vivax in a population of southern coastal Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :458–463.
-
37
Chan AS, Rodriguez MH, Torres JA, Rodriguez MC, Villarreal C, 1994. Susceptibility of three laboratory strains of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) to coindigenous Plasmodium vivax in southern Mexico. J Med Entomol 31 :400–403.
-
38
Malkin EM, Diemert DJ, McArthur JH, Perreault JR, Miles AP, Giersing BK, Mullen GE, Orcutt A, Muratova O, Awkal M, Zhou H, Wang J, Stowers A, Long CA, Mahanty S, Miller LH, Saul A, Durbin AP, 2005. Phase 1 clinical trial of apical membrane antigen 1: an asexual blood-stage vaccine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 73 :3677–3685.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 539 | 451 | 45 |
| Full Text Views | 338 | 12 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 61 | 8 | 0 |
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF THE NEOTROPICAL MALARIA VECTOR ANOPHELES DARLINGI BY HUMAN PATIENT-DERIVED PLASMODIUM VIVAX IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
AJAY R. BHARTI
AJAY R. BHARTI
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by AJAY R. BHARTI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by AJAY R. BHARTI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
RAUL CHUQUIYAURI
RAUL CHUQUIYAURI
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by RAUL CHUQUIYAURI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by RAUL CHUQUIYAURI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
KIMBERLY C. BROUWER
KIMBERLY C. BROUWER
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by KIMBERLY C. BROUWER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by KIMBERLY C. BROUWER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
JEFFREY STANCIL
JEFFREY STANCIL
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by JEFFREY STANCIL in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by JEFFREY STANCIL in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
JESSICA LIN
JESSICA LIN
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by JESSICA LIN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by JESSICA LIN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ALEJANDRO LLANOS-CUENTAS
ALEJANDRO LLANOS-CUENTAS
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by ALEJANDRO LLANOS-CUENTAS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by ALEJANDRO LLANOS-CUENTAS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
JOSEPH M. VINETZ
JOSEPH M. VINETZ
University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Iquitos, Peru
Search for other papers by JOSEPH M. VINETZ in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by JOSEPH M. VINETZ in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes is modulated by human host immune factors. Understanding mechanisms by which the human host response may impair parasite infectivity for mosquitoes has direct implications for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines. We hypothesized that despite a low transmission intensity of malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos, transmission-blocking immunity against Plasmodium vivax might be common, given an unexpectedly high proportion of asymptomatic parasitemic individuals in this region. To test this hypothesis, the ability of symptomatic P. vivax malaria patients to experimentally infect wild-caught outbred Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes was tested using the indirect membrane feeding technique. Only half (52/102) of P. vivax parasitemic patients successfully infected mosquitoes. Transmitters were more likely to have gametocytes (OR 6.35, P = 0.003), high parasitemia (OR 3.79, P = 0.024), and, in terms of basic clinical parameters, a slower pulse rate (mean ± SD: 82.3 ± 12.3 versus 88.7 ± 13.5, P = 0.016) than non-transmitters. Log10 gametocytemia and log10 real-time reverse transcriptase Pvs25 PCR quantifying gametocytes were significantly and positively correlated with oocyst counts (correlation coefficient 0.505, R2 = 0.26, P = 0.001). These experiments are the first to establish a system of determining transmission patterns in experimental infection of outbred natural neotropical malaria vectors in the Amazon region. Patients with P. vivax inefficiently infect outbred An. darlingi mosquitoes, raising the possibility that some degree of naturally occurring transmission-blocking immunity is present on a population basis in the Peruvian Amazon, an area of low intensity of malaria transmission.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Mendis KN, Munesinghe YD, de Silva YN, Keragalla I, Carter R, 1987. Malaria transmission-blocking immunity induced by natural infections of Plasmodium vivax in humans. Infect Immun 55 :369–372.
-
2
Munesinghe YD, Mendis KN, Carter R, 1986. Anti-gamete antibodies block transmission of human vivax malaria to mosquitoes. Parasite Immunol 8 :231–238.
-
3
Mendis KN, David PH, Carter R, 1990. Human immune responses against sexual stages of malaria parasites: considerations for malaria vaccines. Int J Parasitol 20 :497–502.
-
4
Roeffen W, Geeraedts F, Eling W, Beckers P, Wizel B, Kumar N, Lensen T, Sauerwein R, 1995. Transmission blockade of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by anti-Pfs230-specific antibodies is isotype dependent. Infect Immun 63 :467–471.
-
5
Healer J, McGuinness D, Hopcroft P, Haley S, Carter R, Riley E, 1997. Complement-mediated lysis of Plasmodium falciparum gametes by malaria-immune human sera is associated with antibodies to the gamete surface antigen Pfs230. Infect Immun 65 :3017–3023.
-
6
Lensen AH, Bolmer-Van de Vegte M, van Gemert GJ, Eling WM, Sauerwein RW, 1997. Leukocytes in a Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood meal reduce transmission of malaria to Anopheles mosquitoes. Infect Immun 65 :3834–3837.
-
7
Sattabongkot J, Maneechai N, Rosenberg R, 1991. Plasmodium vivax: gametocyte infectivity of naturally infected Thai adults. Parasitology 102 :27–31.
-
8
Mendis K, Sina BJ, Marchesini P, Carter R, 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :97–106.
-
9
Roberts DR, Laughlin LL, Hsheih P, Legters LJ, 1997. DDT, global strategies, and a malaria control crisis in South America. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :295–302.
-
10
Nosten F, McGready R, Simpson JA, Thwai KL, Balkan S, Cho T, Hkirijaroen L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 1999. Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. Lancet 354 :546–549.
-
11
Vittor AY, Gilman RH, Tielsch J, Glass G, Shields T, Lozano WS, Pinedo-Cancino V, Patz JA, 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :3–11.
-
12
Aramburu Guarda J, Ramal Asayag C, Witzig R, 1999. Malaria reemergence in the Peruvian Amazon region. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :209–215.
-
13
Schoeler GB, Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Davila JR, Zyzak M, 2003. Geographical distribution of Anopheles darlingi in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19 :286–296.
-
14
Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Escobedo-Vargas KS, Vela-Perez Q, Schoeler GB, 2004. Natural Plasmodium infections in Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) from eastern Peru. J Med Entomol 41 :489–494.
-
15
Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Druilhe P, 1996. Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :15–19.
-
16
Camargo EP, Alves F, Pereira da Silva LH, 1999. Symptomless Plasmodium vivax infections in native Amazonians. Lancet 353 :1415–1416.
-
17
Camargo LM, Noronha E, Salcedo JM, Dutra AP, Krieger H, Pereira da Silva LH, Camargo EP, 1999. The epidemiology of malaria in Rondonia (Western Amazon region, Brazil): study of a riverine population. Acta Trop 72 :1–11.
-
18
Alves FP, Durlacher RR, Menezes MJ, Krieger H, Silva LH, Camargo EP, 2002. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazonian populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :641–648.
-
19
Roshanravan B, Kari E, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Lee E, Metcalfe J, Calderon M, Lescano AG, Montenegro SH, Calampa C, Vinetz JM, 2003. Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :45–52.
-
20
Branch O, Casapia WM, Gamboa DV, Hernandez JN, Alava FF, Roncal N, Alvarez E, Perez EJ, Gotuzzo E, 2005. Clustered local transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon community. Malar J 4 :27.
-
21
Marrelli MT, Honorio NA, Flores-Mendoza C, Lourencode-Oliveira R, Marinotti O, Kloetzel JK, 1999. Comparative susceptibility of two members of the Anopheles oswaldoi complex, An. oswaldoi and An. konderi, to infection by Plasmodium vivax. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :381–384.
-
22
Drakeley CJ, Jawara M, Targett GA, Walraven G, Obisike U, Coleman R, Pinder M, Sutherland CJ, 2004. Addition of arte-sunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health 9 :53–61.
-
23
Tsuboi T, Kaslow DC, Gozar MM, Tachibana M, Cao YM, Torii M, 1998. Sequence polymorphism in two novel Plasmodium vivax ookinete surface proteins, Pvs25 and Pvs28, that are malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidates. Mol Med 4 :772–782.
-
24
Sattabongkot J, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Eikarat N, Khuntirat B, Sirichaisinthop J, Burge R, Coleman RE, 2003. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate the infectiousness of Plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :529–535.
-
25
Alves FP, Gil LH, Marrelli MT, Ribolla PE, Camargo EP, Da Silva LH, 2005. Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium spp. as infection source for malaria vector mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol 42 :777–779.
-
26
Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Hisaeda H, Tachibana M, Suwanabun N, Rungruang T, Cao YM, Stowers AW, Sirichaisinthop J, Coleman RE, Torii M, 2003. Blocking of transmission to mosquitoes by antibody to Plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine candidates Pvs25 and Pvs28 despite antigenic polymorphism in field isolates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :536–541.
-
27
Coleman RE, Kumpitak C, Ponlawat A, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Rachapaew N, Zollner G, Sattabongkot J, 2004. Infectivity of asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected human populations to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in western Thailand. J Med Entomol 41 :201–208.
-
28
Anstey NM, Weinberg JB, Hassanali MY, Mwaikambo ED, Manyenga D, Misukonis MA, Arnelle DR, Hollis D, McDonald MI, Granger DL, 1996. Nitric oxide in Tanzanian children with malaria: inverse relationship between malaria severity and nitric oxide production/nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression. J Exp Med 184 :557–567.
-
29
Su Z, Stevenson MM, 2000. Central role of endogenous gamma interferon in protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection. Infect Immun 68 :4399–4406.
-
30
Balmer P, Phillips HM, Maestre AE, McMonagle FA, Phillips RS, 2000. The effect of nitric oxide on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, P. chabaudi and P. berghei in vitro. Parasite Immunol 22 :97–106.
-
31
Motard A, Landau I, Nussler A, Grau G, Baccam D, Mazier D, Targett GA, 1993. The role of reactive nitrogen intermediates in modulation of gametocyte infectivity of rodent malaria parasites. Parasite Immunol 15 :21–26.
-
32
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin BJ, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 :251–263.
-
33
Ramsey JM, Salinas E, Rodriguez MH, Beaudoin RL, 1994. Effects of transmission-blocking immunity on Plasmodium vivax infections in Anopheles albimanus populations. J Parasitol 80 :88–92.
-
34
Gamage-Mendis AC, Rajakaruna J, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1992. Transmission blocking immunity to human Plasmodium vivax malaria in an endemic population in Kataragama, Sri Lanka. Parasite Immunol 14 :385–396.
-
35
Somboon P, Suwonkerd W, Lines JD, 1994. Susceptibility of Thai zoophilic Anophelines and suspected malaria vectors to local strains of human malaria parasites. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 25 :766–770.
-
36
Ramsey JM, Salinas E, Rodriguez MH, 1996. Acquired transmission-blocking immunity to Plasmodium vivax in a population of southern coastal Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :458–463.
-
37
Chan AS, Rodriguez MH, Torres JA, Rodriguez MC, Villarreal C, 1994. Susceptibility of three laboratory strains of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) to coindigenous Plasmodium vivax in southern Mexico. J Med Entomol 31 :400–403.
-
38
Malkin EM, Diemert DJ, McArthur JH, Perreault JR, Miles AP, Giersing BK, Mullen GE, Orcutt A, Muratova O, Awkal M, Zhou H, Wang J, Stowers A, Long CA, Mahanty S, Miller LH, Saul A, Durbin AP, 2005. Phase 1 clinical trial of apical membrane antigen 1: an asexual blood-stage vaccine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 73 :3677–3685.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 539 | 451 | 45 |
| Full Text Views | 338 | 12 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 61 | 8 | 0 |