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-
1
2000. Papua New Guinea National Health Plan 2001–2010. Port Moresby: Papua New Guinea Ministry of Health.
-
2
Peters W, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. 1. Holoendemic malaria—a clinical picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :242–249.
-
3
Peters W, Standfast HA, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. 2. Holoendemic malaria—the entomological picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :249–254.
-
4
Desowitz RS, Saave JJ, 1965. The application of the haemagglutination test to a study of the immunity to malaria in protected and unprotected groups in Australian New Guinea. Bull WHO 32 :149–159.
-
5
Cattani JA, Tulloch JL, Vrbova H, Jolley D, Gibson FD, Moir JS, Heywood PF, Alpers MP, Stevenson A, Clancy R, 1986. The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :3–15.
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6
Desowitz RS, Spark RA, 1987. Malaria in the Maprik area of the Sepik region, Papua New Guinea: 1957–1984. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :175–176.
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7
Cox MJ, Kum DE, Tavul L, Narara A, Raiko A, Baisor M, Alpers MP, Medley GF, Day KP, 1994. Dynamics of malaria parasitaemia associated with febrile illness in children from a rural area of Madang, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :191–197.
-
8
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Narara A, Gibson N, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. I. Malariometric indices and immunity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :359–376.
-
9
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Rare L, Ginny M, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. II. Mortality and morbidity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :377–390.
-
10
Shankar AH, Genton B, Semba RD, Baisor M, Paino J, Tamja S, Adiguma T, Wu L, Rare L, Tielsch JM, Alpers MP, West KP Jr, 1999. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in Papua New Guinea: A randomised trial. Lancet 354 :203–209.
-
11
Bruce MC, Donnelly CA, Alpers MP, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW, Walliker D, Day KP, 2000. Cross-species interactions between malaria parasites in humans. Science 287 :845–848.
-
12
Mehlotra RK, Lorry K, Kastens W, Miller SM, Alpers MP, Bockarie M, Kazura JW, Zimmerman PA, 2000. Random distribution of mixed species malaria infections in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :225–231.
-
13
Mehlotra RK, Kasehagen LJ, Baisor M, Lorry K, Kazura JW, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, 2002. Malaria infections are randomly distributed in diverse holoendemic areas of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :555–562.
-
14
Mueller I, Bjorge S, Poigeno G, Kundi J, Tandrapah T, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 2. Eastern Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :166–179.
-
15
Mueller I, Taime J, Ivivi R, Yala S, Bjorge S, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 1. Western Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :16–31.
-
16
Mueller I, Namuigi P, Kundi J, Ivivi R, Tandrapah T, Bjorge S, Reeder JC, 2005. Epidemic malaria in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :554–560.
-
17
Brabin BJ, Ginny M, Alpers M, Brabin L, Eggelte T, Van der Kaay HJ, 1990. Failure of chloroquine prophylaxis for falciparum malaria in pregnant women in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 84 :1–9.
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18
al-Yaman F, Genton B, Mokela D, Narara A, Raiko A, Alpers MP, 1996. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria to amodiaquine, chloroquine and quinine in the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 39 :16–22.
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Genton B, Anders RF, Alpers MP, Reeder JC, 2003. The malaria vaccine development program in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 19 :264–270.
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20
Booth PB, Tills D, Warlow A, Kopec AC, Mourant AE, Teesdale P, Hornabrook RW, 1982. Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Karkar Islanders and inhabitants of the adjacent North Coast of New Guinea. Hum Hered 32 :385–403.
-
21
Mourant AE, Tills D, Kopec AC, Warlow A, Teesdale P, Booth PB, Hornabrook RW, 1982. Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Eastern Highlanders of New Guinea. Hum Hered 32 :374–384.
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Allen SJ, O’Donnell A, Alexander ND, Mgone CS, Peto TE, Clegg JB, Alpers MP, Weatherall DJ, 1999. Prevention of cerebral malaria in children in Papua New Guinea by southeast Asian ovalocytosis band 3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1056–1060.
-
25
Zimmerman PA, Woolley I, Masinde GL, Miller SM, McNamara DT, Hazlett F, Mgone CS, Alpers MP, Genton B, Boatin BA, Kazura JW, 1999. Emergence of Fy*A(null) in a Plasmodium vivax-endemic region of Papua New Guinea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 :13973–13977.
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26
Patel SS, Mehlotra RK, Kastens W, Mgone CS, Kazura JW, Zimmerman PA, 2001. The association of the glycophorin C exon 3 deletion with ovalocytosis and malaria susceptibility in the Wosera, Papua New Guinea. Blood 98 :3489–3491.
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Maier AG, Duraisingh MT, Reeder JC, Patel SS, Kazura JW, Zimmerman PA, Cowman AF, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion through glycophorin C and selection for Gerbich negativity in human populations. Nat Med 9 :87–92.
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CHANGING PATTERNS OF PLASMODIUM BLOOD-STAGE INFECTIONS IN THE WOSERA REGION OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA MONITORED BY LIGHT MICROSCOPY AND HIGH THROUGHPUT PCR DIAGNOSIS
LAURIN J. KASEHAGEN
LAURIN J. KASEHAGEN
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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IVO MUELLER
IVO MUELLER
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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DAVID T. McNAMARA
DAVID T. McNAMARA
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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MOSES J. BOCKARIE
MOSES J. BOCKARIE
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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BENSON KINIBORO
BENSON KINIBORO
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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LAWRENCE RARE
LAWRENCE RARE
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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KERRY LORRY
KERRY LORRY
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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WILL KASTENS
WILL KASTENS
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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JOHN C. REEDER
JOHN C. REEDER
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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JAMES W. KAZURA
JAMES W. KAZURA
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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PETER A. ZIMMERMAN
PETER A. ZIMMERMAN
Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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In Papua New Guinea (PNG), complex patterns of malaria commonly include single and mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Here, we assess recent epidemiologic characteristics of Plasmodium blood-stage infections in the Wosera region through four cross-sectional surveys (August 2001 to June 2003). Whereas previous studies performed here have relied on blood smear/light microscopy (LM) for diagnosing Plasmodium species infections, we introduce a newly developed, post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semi-quantitative, ligase detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay (LDR-FMA). A direct comparison of the two methods for > 1,100 samples showed that diagnosis was concordant for > 80% of the analyses performed for P. falciparum (PF), P. vivax (PV), and P. malariae (PM). Greater sensitivity of the LDR-FMA accounted for 75% of the discordance between diagnoses. Based on LM, the prevalence of blood-stage PF, PV, and PM infections was found to be markedly reduced compared with an early 1990s survey. In addition, there were significant shifts in age distribution of infections, with PV becoming the most common parasite in children < 4 years of age. Consistent with previous studies, prevalence of all Plasmodium species infections increased significantly in samples analyzed by the PCR-based LDR-FMA. This increase was most pronounced for PM, PO, and mixed infections and in adolescent (10–19 years) and adult age groups, suggesting that LM may lead to under-reported prevalence of less common Plasmodium species, infection complexity, and a skewed distribution of infections towards younger age groups. This study shows that the application of LDR-FMA diagnosis in large epidemiologic studies or malaria control interventions is feasible and may contribute novel insights regarding the epidemiology of malaria.
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-
1
2000. Papua New Guinea National Health Plan 2001–2010. Port Moresby: Papua New Guinea Ministry of Health.
-
2
Peters W, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. 1. Holoendemic malaria—a clinical picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :242–249.
-
3
Peters W, Standfast HA, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. 2. Holoendemic malaria—the entomological picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :249–254.
-
4
Desowitz RS, Saave JJ, 1965. The application of the haemagglutination test to a study of the immunity to malaria in protected and unprotected groups in Australian New Guinea. Bull WHO 32 :149–159.
-
5
Cattani JA, Tulloch JL, Vrbova H, Jolley D, Gibson FD, Moir JS, Heywood PF, Alpers MP, Stevenson A, Clancy R, 1986. The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :3–15.
-
6
Desowitz RS, Spark RA, 1987. Malaria in the Maprik area of the Sepik region, Papua New Guinea: 1957–1984. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :175–176.
-
7
Cox MJ, Kum DE, Tavul L, Narara A, Raiko A, Baisor M, Alpers MP, Medley GF, Day KP, 1994. Dynamics of malaria parasitaemia associated with febrile illness in children from a rural area of Madang, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :191–197.
-
8
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Narara A, Gibson N, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. I. Malariometric indices and immunity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :359–376.
-
9
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Rare L, Ginny M, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. II. Mortality and morbidity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :377–390.
-
10
Shankar AH, Genton B, Semba RD, Baisor M, Paino J, Tamja S, Adiguma T, Wu L, Rare L, Tielsch JM, Alpers MP, West KP Jr, 1999. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in Papua New Guinea: A randomised trial. Lancet 354 :203–209.
-
11
Bruce MC, Donnelly CA, Alpers MP, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW, Walliker D, Day KP, 2000. Cross-species interactions between malaria parasites in humans. Science 287 :845–848.
-
12
Mehlotra RK, Lorry K, Kastens W, Miller SM, Alpers MP, Bockarie M, Kazura JW, Zimmerman PA, 2000. Random distribution of mixed species malaria infections in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :225–231.
-
13
Mehlotra RK, Kasehagen LJ, Baisor M, Lorry K, Kazura JW, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, 2002. Malaria infections are randomly distributed in diverse holoendemic areas of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :555–562.
-
14
Mueller I, Bjorge S, Poigeno G, Kundi J, Tandrapah T, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 2. Eastern Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :166–179.
-
15
Mueller I, Taime J, Ivivi R, Yala S, Bjorge S, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 1. Western Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :16–31.
-
16
Mueller I, Namuigi P, Kundi J, Ivivi R, Tandrapah T, Bjorge S, Reeder JC, 2005. Epidemic malaria in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :554–560.
-
17
Brabin BJ, Ginny M, Alpers M, Brabin L, Eggelte T, Van der Kaay HJ, 1990. Failure of chloroquine prophylaxis for falciparum malaria in pregnant women in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 84 :1–9.
-
18
al-Yaman F, Genton B, Mokela D, Narara A, Raiko A, Alpers MP, 1996. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria to amodiaquine, chloroquine and quinine in the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 39 :16–22.
-
19
Genton B, Anders RF, Alpers MP, Reeder JC, 2003. The malaria vaccine development program in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 19 :264–270.
-
20
Booth PB, Tills D, Warlow A, Kopec AC, Mourant AE, Teesdale P, Hornabrook RW, 1982. Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Karkar Islanders and inhabitants of the adjacent North Coast of New Guinea. Hum Hered 32 :385–403.
-
21
Mourant AE, Tills D, Kopec AC, Warlow A, Teesdale P, Booth PB, Hornabrook RW, 1982. Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Eastern Highlanders of New Guinea. Hum Hered 32 :374–384.
-
22
Brabin L, Brabin BJ, 1990. Malaria and glucose 6-phosphate de-hydrogenase deficiency in populations with high and low spleen rates in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Hum Hered 40 :15–21.
-
23
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Mgone CS, Alexander N, Paniu MM, Alpers MP, Mokela D, 1995. Ovalocytosis and cerebral malaria. Nature 378 :564–565.
-
24
Allen SJ, O’Donnell A, Alexander ND, Mgone CS, Peto TE, Clegg JB, Alpers MP, Weatherall DJ, 1999. Prevention of cerebral malaria in children in Papua New Guinea by southeast Asian ovalocytosis band 3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1056–1060.
-
25
Zimmerman PA, Woolley I, Masinde GL, Miller SM, McNamara DT, Hazlett F, Mgone CS, Alpers MP, Genton B, Boatin BA, Kazura JW, 1999. Emergence of Fy*A(null) in a Plasmodium vivax-endemic region of Papua New Guinea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 :13973–13977.
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