WHO, 2002. Control of Chagas Disease. Second report of the WHO expert committee. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Kierszenbaum F, 1999. Chagas’ disease and the autoimmunity hypothesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 :210–223.
Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E, 1996. Autoimmunity in Chagas disease cardiomyopathy: fulfilling the criteria at last? Parasitol Today 12 :396–398.
Tarleton RL, Zhang L, 1999. Chagas disease etiology: autoimmunity or parasite persistence? Parasitol Today 15 :94–99.
Andrade AL, Zicker F, de Oliveira RM, Almeida Silva S, Luquetti A, Travassos LR, Almeida IC, de Andrade SS, de Andrade JG, Martelli CM, 1996. Randomised trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Lancet 348 :1407–1413.
Sosa Estani S, Segura EL, Ruiz AM, Velazquez E, Porcel BM, Yampotis C, 1998. Efficacy of chemotherapy with benznidazole in children in the indeterminate phase of Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :526–529.
Viotti R, Vigliano C, Armenti H, Segura E, 1994. Treatment of chronic Chagas’ disease with benznidazole: clinical and serologic evolution of patients with long-term follow-up. Am Heart J 127 :151–162.
Carneiro M, Romanha AJ, Chiari E, 1991. Biological characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi strains from different zymodemes and schizodemes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86 :387–393.
Andrade SG, Magalhaes JB, 1996. Biodemes and zymodemes of Trypanosoma cruzi strains: correlations with clinical data and experimental pathology. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30 :27–35.
Revollo S, Oury B, Laurent JP, Barnabe C, Quesney V, Carriere V, Noel S, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Trypanosoma cruzi: impact of clonal evolution of the parasite on its biological and medical properties. Exp Parasitol 89 :30–39.
Krautz GM, Kissinger JC, Krettli AU, 2000. The targets of the lytic antibody response against Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Today 16 :31–34.
Altcheh J, Corral R, Biancardi MA, Freilij H, 2003. Anti-F2/3 antibodies as cure marker in children with congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Medicina (B Aires) 63 :37–40.
La Fuente C, Saucedo E, Urjel R, 1984. The use of microhaematocrit tubes for the rapid diagnosis of Chagas disease and malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :278–279.
Brenière SF, Yaksic N, Telleria J, Bosseno MF, Noireau F, Wincker P, Sanchez D, 1997. Immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi shed acute phase antigen in children from an endemic area for Chagas’ disease in Bolivia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :503–507.
Wincker P, Bosseno MF, Britto C, Yaksic N, Cardoso MA, Morel CM, Brenière SF, 1994. High correlation between Chagas’ disease serology and PCR-based detection of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA in Bolivian children living in an endemic area. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124 :419–423.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Telleria J, Bastrenta B, Yacsik N, Noireau F, Alcazar JL, Barnabe C, Wincker P, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Different behavior of two Trypanosoma cruzi major clones: transmission and circulation in young Bolivian patients. Exp Parasitol 89 :285–295.
Urbina JA, 2001. Specific treatment of Chagas disease: current status and new developments. Curr Opin Infect Dis 14 :733–741.
Galvao LM, Chiari E, Macedo AM, Luquetti AO, Silva SA, Andrade AL, 2003. PCR assay for monitoring Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in childhood after specific chemotherapy. J Clin Microbiol 41 :5066–5070.
Britto C, Cardoso A, Silveira C, Macedo V, Fernandes O, 1999. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a laboratory tool for the evaluation of the parasitological cure in Chagas disease after specific treatment. Medicina (B Aires) 59 (Suppl 2):176–178.
Zulantay I, Honores P, Solari A, Apt W, Ortiz S, Osuna A, Rojas A, Lopez B, Sanchez G, 2004. Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization assays to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patients treated with itraconazole or allopurinol. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 48 :253–257.
Meira WS, Galvao LM, Gontijo ED, Machado-Coelho GL, Norris KA, Chiari E, 2004. Use of the Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant complement regulatory protein to evaluate therapeutic efficacy following treatment of chronic chagasic patients. J Clin Microbiol 42 :707–712.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Noireau F, Yacsik N, Liegard P, Aznar C, Hontebeyrie M, 2002. Integrate study of a Bolivian population infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :289–295.
Machado EM, Fernandes AJ, Murta SM, Vitor RW, Camilo DJ Jr, Pinheiro SW, Lopes ER, Adad SJ, Romanha AJ, Pinto Dias JC, 2001. A study of experimental reinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :958–965.
Veloso VM, Carneiro M, Toledo MJ, Lana M, Chiari E, Tafuri WL, Bahia MT, 2001. Variation in susceptibility to benznidazole in isolates derived from Trypanosoma cruzi parental strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :105–111.
Zingales B, Souto RP, Mangia RH, Lisboa CV, Campbell DA, Coura JR, Jansen A, Fernandes O, 1998. Molecular epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis in Brazil based on dimorphisms of rRNA and mini-exon gene sequences. Int J Parasitol 28 :105–112.
Francolino SS, Antunes AF, Talice R, Rosa R, Selanikio J, de Rezende JM, Romanha AJ, Dias JC, 2003. New evidence of spontaneous cure in human Chagas’ disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 :103–107.
Galvao LM, Nunes RM, Cancado JR, Brener Z, Krettli AU, 1993. Lytic antibody titre as a means of assessing cure after treatment of Chagas disease: a 10-year follow-up study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :220–223.
Martins-Filho OA, Eloi-Santos SM, Carvalho AT, Oliveira RC, Rassi A, Luquetti AO, Rassi GG, Brener Z, 2002. Double-blind study to evaluate flow cytometry analysis of anti-live trypomastigote antibodies for monitoring treatment efficacy in cases of human Chagas’ disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :1107–1113.
Pereira-Chioccola VL, Fragata-Filho AA, Levy AM, Rodrigues MM, Schenkman S, 2003. Enzyme-linked immunoassay using recombinant trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi can be employed for monitoring of patients with Chagas’ disease after drug treatment. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10 :826–830.
Norris KA, Galvao LM, Schrimpf JE, Cancado JR, Krettli AU, 1994. Humoral immune response to the Trypanosoma cruzi complement regulatory protein as an indicator of parasitologic clearance in human Chagas’ disease. Infect Immun 62 :4072–4074.
Krautz GM, Galvao LM, Cancado JR, Guevara-Espinoza A, Ouaissi A, Krettli AU, 1995. Use of a 24-kilodalton Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant protein to monitor cure of human Chagas’ disease. J Clin Microbiol 33 :2086–2090.
Schijman AG, Vigliano CA, Viotti RJ, Burgos JM, Brandariz S, Lococo BE, Leze MI, Armenti HA, Levin MJ, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in cardiac lesions of Argentinean patients with end-stage chronic chagas heart disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :210–220.
Elias FE, Vigliano CA, Laguens RP, Levin MJ, Berek C, 2003. Analysis of the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in the heart tissue of three patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :242–247.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 63 | 30 | 0 |
Full Text Views | 248 | 10 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 47 | 8 | 4 |
Thirty-five Bolivian children (5–10 years of age) seropositive for infection with T. cruzi underwent specific chemotherapy with benznidazole. Before treatment, 57.1% had a positive parasitologic diagnosis. Some patients presented an early conversion by polymerase chain reaction of blood samples, while others were still positive four and seven months after the end of the treatment, which indicated an absence of parasite clearance. Strain typing showed that most patients were infected by a mixture of clones I and II of T. cruzi. Serologic conversion in conventional tests and antibodies to shed acute-phase antigen were observed in two and four patients, respectively. For the other patients, the average rate of antibody decay was half the initial rate. The parasitologic and serologic data indicated that chemotherapy acts throughout the course of infection in a long-lasting process in which the decrease of specific antibody production is related to the reduction of the live parasite load.
WHO, 2002. Control of Chagas Disease. Second report of the WHO expert committee. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Kierszenbaum F, 1999. Chagas’ disease and the autoimmunity hypothesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 :210–223.
Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E, 1996. Autoimmunity in Chagas disease cardiomyopathy: fulfilling the criteria at last? Parasitol Today 12 :396–398.
Tarleton RL, Zhang L, 1999. Chagas disease etiology: autoimmunity or parasite persistence? Parasitol Today 15 :94–99.
Andrade AL, Zicker F, de Oliveira RM, Almeida Silva S, Luquetti A, Travassos LR, Almeida IC, de Andrade SS, de Andrade JG, Martelli CM, 1996. Randomised trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Lancet 348 :1407–1413.
Sosa Estani S, Segura EL, Ruiz AM, Velazquez E, Porcel BM, Yampotis C, 1998. Efficacy of chemotherapy with benznidazole in children in the indeterminate phase of Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :526–529.
Viotti R, Vigliano C, Armenti H, Segura E, 1994. Treatment of chronic Chagas’ disease with benznidazole: clinical and serologic evolution of patients with long-term follow-up. Am Heart J 127 :151–162.
Carneiro M, Romanha AJ, Chiari E, 1991. Biological characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi strains from different zymodemes and schizodemes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86 :387–393.
Andrade SG, Magalhaes JB, 1996. Biodemes and zymodemes of Trypanosoma cruzi strains: correlations with clinical data and experimental pathology. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30 :27–35.
Revollo S, Oury B, Laurent JP, Barnabe C, Quesney V, Carriere V, Noel S, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Trypanosoma cruzi: impact of clonal evolution of the parasite on its biological and medical properties. Exp Parasitol 89 :30–39.
Krautz GM, Kissinger JC, Krettli AU, 2000. The targets of the lytic antibody response against Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Today 16 :31–34.
Altcheh J, Corral R, Biancardi MA, Freilij H, 2003. Anti-F2/3 antibodies as cure marker in children with congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Medicina (B Aires) 63 :37–40.
La Fuente C, Saucedo E, Urjel R, 1984. The use of microhaematocrit tubes for the rapid diagnosis of Chagas disease and malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :278–279.
Brenière SF, Yaksic N, Telleria J, Bosseno MF, Noireau F, Wincker P, Sanchez D, 1997. Immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi shed acute phase antigen in children from an endemic area for Chagas’ disease in Bolivia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :503–507.
Wincker P, Bosseno MF, Britto C, Yaksic N, Cardoso MA, Morel CM, Brenière SF, 1994. High correlation between Chagas’ disease serology and PCR-based detection of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA in Bolivian children living in an endemic area. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124 :419–423.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Telleria J, Bastrenta B, Yacsik N, Noireau F, Alcazar JL, Barnabe C, Wincker P, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Different behavior of two Trypanosoma cruzi major clones: transmission and circulation in young Bolivian patients. Exp Parasitol 89 :285–295.
Urbina JA, 2001. Specific treatment of Chagas disease: current status and new developments. Curr Opin Infect Dis 14 :733–741.
Galvao LM, Chiari E, Macedo AM, Luquetti AO, Silva SA, Andrade AL, 2003. PCR assay for monitoring Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in childhood after specific chemotherapy. J Clin Microbiol 41 :5066–5070.
Britto C, Cardoso A, Silveira C, Macedo V, Fernandes O, 1999. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a laboratory tool for the evaluation of the parasitological cure in Chagas disease after specific treatment. Medicina (B Aires) 59 (Suppl 2):176–178.
Zulantay I, Honores P, Solari A, Apt W, Ortiz S, Osuna A, Rojas A, Lopez B, Sanchez G, 2004. Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization assays to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patients treated with itraconazole or allopurinol. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 48 :253–257.
Meira WS, Galvao LM, Gontijo ED, Machado-Coelho GL, Norris KA, Chiari E, 2004. Use of the Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant complement regulatory protein to evaluate therapeutic efficacy following treatment of chronic chagasic patients. J Clin Microbiol 42 :707–712.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Noireau F, Yacsik N, Liegard P, Aznar C, Hontebeyrie M, 2002. Integrate study of a Bolivian population infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :289–295.
Machado EM, Fernandes AJ, Murta SM, Vitor RW, Camilo DJ Jr, Pinheiro SW, Lopes ER, Adad SJ, Romanha AJ, Pinto Dias JC, 2001. A study of experimental reinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :958–965.
Veloso VM, Carneiro M, Toledo MJ, Lana M, Chiari E, Tafuri WL, Bahia MT, 2001. Variation in susceptibility to benznidazole in isolates derived from Trypanosoma cruzi parental strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :105–111.
Zingales B, Souto RP, Mangia RH, Lisboa CV, Campbell DA, Coura JR, Jansen A, Fernandes O, 1998. Molecular epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis in Brazil based on dimorphisms of rRNA and mini-exon gene sequences. Int J Parasitol 28 :105–112.
Francolino SS, Antunes AF, Talice R, Rosa R, Selanikio J, de Rezende JM, Romanha AJ, Dias JC, 2003. New evidence of spontaneous cure in human Chagas’ disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 :103–107.
Galvao LM, Nunes RM, Cancado JR, Brener Z, Krettli AU, 1993. Lytic antibody titre as a means of assessing cure after treatment of Chagas disease: a 10-year follow-up study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :220–223.
Martins-Filho OA, Eloi-Santos SM, Carvalho AT, Oliveira RC, Rassi A, Luquetti AO, Rassi GG, Brener Z, 2002. Double-blind study to evaluate flow cytometry analysis of anti-live trypomastigote antibodies for monitoring treatment efficacy in cases of human Chagas’ disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :1107–1113.
Pereira-Chioccola VL, Fragata-Filho AA, Levy AM, Rodrigues MM, Schenkman S, 2003. Enzyme-linked immunoassay using recombinant trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi can be employed for monitoring of patients with Chagas’ disease after drug treatment. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10 :826–830.
Norris KA, Galvao LM, Schrimpf JE, Cancado JR, Krettli AU, 1994. Humoral immune response to the Trypanosoma cruzi complement regulatory protein as an indicator of parasitologic clearance in human Chagas’ disease. Infect Immun 62 :4072–4074.
Krautz GM, Galvao LM, Cancado JR, Guevara-Espinoza A, Ouaissi A, Krettli AU, 1995. Use of a 24-kilodalton Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant protein to monitor cure of human Chagas’ disease. J Clin Microbiol 33 :2086–2090.
Schijman AG, Vigliano CA, Viotti RJ, Burgos JM, Brandariz S, Lococo BE, Leze MI, Armenti HA, Levin MJ, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in cardiac lesions of Argentinean patients with end-stage chronic chagas heart disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :210–220.
Elias FE, Vigliano CA, Laguens RP, Levin MJ, Berek C, 2003. Analysis of the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in the heart tissue of three patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :242–247.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 63 | 30 | 0 |
Full Text Views | 248 | 10 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 47 | 8 | 4 |