Weaver SC, Frey TK, Huang HV, Kinney RM, Rice CM, Roehrig JT, Shope RE, Strauss EG, 2005. Togaviridae. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 999–1008.
Scherer WF, Weaver SC, Taylor CA, Cupp EW, Dickerman RW, Rubino HH, 1987. Vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for allopatric and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :194–197.
Scott TW, Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ, 1984. The distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :300–310.
Weaver SC, Powers AM, Brault AC, Barrett AD, 1999. Molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. Vet J 157 :123–138.
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez SLV, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LFL, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
Anderson CR, Downs WG, Wattley GH, Ahin NW, Reese AA, 1957. Mayaro virus: a new human disease agent. II. Isolation from blood of patients in Trinidad, B.W.I. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :1012–1016.
LeDuc JW, Pinheiro FP, Travassos da Rosa AP, 1981. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. II. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :682–688.
Pinheiro FP, Freitas RB, Travassos da Rosa JF, Gabbay YB, Mello WA, LeDuc JW, 1981. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. I. Clinical and virological findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :674–681.
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Russell KL, Damodaran C, Calampa C, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Vasquez B, Hayes CG, Rossi CA, Powers AM, Hice CL, Chandler LJ, Cropp BC, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1999. Mayaro virus disease: An emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. Clin Infect Dis 28 :67–73.
Causey OR, Maroja OM, 1957. Mayaro virus: A new human disease agent. III. Investigation of an epidemic of acute febrile illness on the river Guama in Para, Brazil, and isolation of Mayaro virus as causative agent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :1017–1023.
Schaeffer M, Gajdusek DC, Lema AB, Eichenwald H, 1959. Epidemic jungle fevers among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian rain forest. I. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :372–396.
Hoch AL, Peterson NE, LeDuc JW, Pinheiro FP, 1981. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. III. Entomological and ecological studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :689–698.
Aitken TH, Downs WG, Anderson CR, Spence L, Casals J, 1960. Mayaro virus isolated from a Trinidadian mosquito, Mansonia venezuelensis. Science 131 :986.
Smith GC, Francy DB, 1991. Laboratory studies of a Brazilian strain of Aedes albopictus as a potential vector of Mayaro and Oropouche viruses. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7 :89–93.
Calisher CH, Gutierrez E, Maness KS, Lord RD, 1974. Isolation of Mayaro virus from a migrating bird captured in Louisiana in 1967. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 8 :243–248.
de Thoisy B, Gardon J, Salas RA, Morvan J, Kazanji M, 2003. Mayaro virus in wild mammals, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1326–1329.
Price JL, 1978. Serological evidence of infection of Tacaribe virus and arboviruses in Trinidadian bats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :162–167.
Seymour C, Peralta PH, Montgomery GG, 1983. Serologic evidence of natural togavirus infections in Panamanian sloths and other vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :854–861.
Talarmin A, Chandler LJ, Kazanji M, de Thoisy B, Debon P, Lelarge J, Labeau B, Bourreau E, Vie JC, Shope RE, Sarthou JL, 1998. Mayaro virus fever in French Guiana: isolation, identification, and seroprevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :452–456.
Verlinde JD, 1968. Susceptibility of cynomolgus monkeys to experimental infection with arboviruses of group A (Mayaro and Mucambo), group C (Oriboca and Restan) and an unidentified arbovirus (Kwatta) originating from Surinam. Trop Geogr Med 20 :385–390.
Downs WG, Anderson CR, 1958. Distribution of immunity to Mayaro virus infection in the West Indies. West Indian Med J 7 :190–195.
Causey OR, Casals J, Shope RE, Udomsakdi S, 1963. Aura and Una, two new group A arthropod-borne viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12 :777–781.
Haas RA, Arron-Leeuwin AE, 1975. Arboviruses isolated from mosquitos and man in Surinam. Trop Geogr Med 27 :409–412.
Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH, 1984. Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973–1981. II. Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui, and Moju viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :483–491.
Diaz LA, Spinsanti LI, Almiron WR, Contigiani MS, 2003. UNA virus: First report of human infection in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45 :109–110.
Monath TP, Sabattini MS, Pauli R, Daffner JF, Mitchell CJ, Bowen GS, Cropp CB, 1985. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980. IV. Serologic surveys and sentinel equine program. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :966–975.
Sabattini MS, Shope RE, Vanella JM, 1965. Serological survey for arboviruses in Cordoba Province, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14 :1073–1078.
Sabattini MS, Aviles G, Monath TP, 1998. Historical, epidemioligical and ecological aspects of arboviruses in Argentina: Togaviridae, Alphavirus. Travassos da Rosa APA, Vasconcelos PFC, Travassos da Rosa JFS, eds. An Overview of Arbovirology in Brazil and Neighbouring Countries. Belem: Instituto Evandro Chagas, 135–153.
Buckley SM, Clarke DH, 1970. Differentiation of group A arboviruses chikungunya, mayaro, and semliki forest by the fluorescent antibody technique. Exp Biol Med 135 :533–539.
Calisher CH, el-Kafrawi AO, Al-Deen Mahmud MI, Travassos da Rosa AP, Bartz CR, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Haksohusodo S, Suharyono W, 1986. Complex-specific immunoglobulin M antibody patterns in humans infected with alphaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 23 :155–159.
Casals J, Whitman L, 1957. Mayaro virus: a new human disease agent. I. Relationship to other arbor viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :1004–1011.
Figueiredo LT, Nogueira RM, Cavalcanti SM, Schatzmayr H, da Rosa AT, 1989. Study of two different enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Mayaro virus antibodies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84 :303–307.
Porterfield JS, 1961. Cross-neutralization studies with group A arthropod-borne viruses. Bull World Health Organ 24 :735.
Chanas AC, Johnson BK, Simpson DI, 1976. Antigenic relationships of alphaviruses by a simple micro-culture cross-neutralization method. J Gen Virol 32 :295–300.
Pinheiro FP, Dias LB, 1967. Virus Mayaro e Una: estudo de variantes produzindo grandes e pequenas placas. Lent H, ed. Atas Simposio Biota Amazonica. Rio de Janeiro: Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, 211.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Shirako Y, Strauss EG, Kang W, Strauss JH, Weaver SC, 2001. Evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. J Virol 75 :10118–10131.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and o’nyong-nyong viruses: Evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81 :471–479.
Powers AM, Oberste MS, Brault AC, Rico-Hesse R, Schmura SM, Smith JF, Kang W, Sweeney W, Weaver SC, 1997. Repeated emergence of epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus. J Virol 71 :6697–6705.
Wills MR, Sil BK, Cao JX, Yu YX, Barrett AD, 1992. Antigenic characterization of the live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine virus SA14-14-2: A comparison with isolates of the virus covering a wide geographic area. Vaccine 10 :861–872.
Bryant J, Wang H, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Watts D, Russell K, Barrett A, 2003. Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :926–933.
Mutebi JP, Wang H, Li L, Bryant JE, Barrett AD, 2001. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in Africa. J Virol 75 :6999–7008.
Vasconcelos PF, Bryant JE, da Rosa TP, Tesh RB, Rodrigues SG, Barrett AD, 2004. Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1578–1584.
Cilnis M, Kang W, Weaver SC, 1996. Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses. Virology 218 :343–351.
Killington RA, Stokes A, Hierholzer JC, 1996. Virus purification. Mahy BWJ, Kangro HO, eds. Virology Methods Manual. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 71–89.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Kinney RM, Weaver SC, 2000. The use of chimeric Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses as an approach for the molecular identification of natural virulence determinants. J Virol 74 :4258–4263.
Devereux J, Haeberli P, Smithies O, 1984. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res 12 :387–395.
Swofford DL, 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Felsenstein J, 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evol Int J Org Evol 39 :783–791.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Sixth Edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–855.
Schmidt JR, Gajdusek DC, Schaffer M, Gorrie RH, 1959. Epidemic jungle fever among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian rain forest. II. Isolation and characterization of Uruma virus, a newly recognized human pathogen. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :479–487.
Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, 1988. Arbovirus serogroups: Definition and geographic distribution. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 19–57.
Pinheiro FP, LeDuc JW, 1988. Mayaro virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137–150.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–36.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: Epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CL, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LF, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Hagenbaugh A, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68 :158–169.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, 1991. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in Culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :250–259.
Chandler LJ, Parsons R, Randle Y, 2001. Multiple genotypes of St. Louis encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) circulate in Harris County, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :12–19.
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH 3rd, Mayo DR, 2001. A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :12885–12889.
de Thoisy B, Vogel I, Reynes JM, Pouliquen JF, Carme B, Kazanji M, Vie JC, 2001. Health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in French Guiana. Am J Primatol 54 :1–16.
Theiler M, Downs WG, 1973. The Arthropod-borne Viruses of Vertebrates. New Haven. CT: Yale University Press.
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Mayaro and Una viruses (MAYV, UNAV) are mosquito-borne alphaviruses that may cause an acute febrile illness characterized by headache, retro-orbital pain, and rash that may progress to a severe and prolonged arthralgia. MAYV was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954, and UNAV was first identified in northern Brazil in 1959. Since then, numerous isolates of these agents have been made from humans, wild vertebrates, and mosquitoes in several countries in northern South America. Serological evidence suggests that these viruses are also present in portions of Central America. Because little is known about the natural transmission cycle of MAYV and virtually nothing is known about UNAV transmission, 63 isolates covering the known geographic and temporal ranges were used in phylogenetic analyses to aid in understanding the molecular epidemiology. Approximately 2 kb from the E1 and E2 glycoprotein genes and the complete 3′ non-coding region were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences indicated that two distinct genotypes of MAYV exist with a distinct clade consisting exclusively of UNAV (previously designated as a subtype of MAYV). One MAYV genotype (genotype D) contains isolates from Trinidad and the northcentral portion of South America including Peru, French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil, and Bolivia. All of these isolates are highly conserved with a nucleotide divergence of < 6%. The second MAYV genotype (genotype L) contains isolates only from Brazil that are highly conserved (< 4% nucleotide divergence) but are quite distinct (15–19%) from the first genotype isolates. These analyses provide possible explanations for the natural ecology and transmission of MAYV and UNAV.
Weaver SC, Frey TK, Huang HV, Kinney RM, Rice CM, Roehrig JT, Shope RE, Strauss EG, 2005. Togaviridae. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 999–1008.
Scherer WF, Weaver SC, Taylor CA, Cupp EW, Dickerman RW, Rubino HH, 1987. Vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for allopatric and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :194–197.
Scott TW, Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ, 1984. The distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :300–310.
Weaver SC, Powers AM, Brault AC, Barrett AD, 1999. Molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. Vet J 157 :123–138.
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez SLV, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LFL, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
Anderson CR, Downs WG, Wattley GH, Ahin NW, Reese AA, 1957. Mayaro virus: a new human disease agent. II. Isolation from blood of patients in Trinidad, B.W.I. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :1012–1016.
LeDuc JW, Pinheiro FP, Travassos da Rosa AP, 1981. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. II. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :682–688.
Pinheiro FP, Freitas RB, Travassos da Rosa JF, Gabbay YB, Mello WA, LeDuc JW, 1981. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. I. Clinical and virological findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :674–681.
Tesh RB, Watts DM, Russell KL, Damodaran C, Calampa C, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Vasquez B, Hayes CG, Rossi CA, Powers AM, Hice CL, Chandler LJ, Cropp BC, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1999. Mayaro virus disease: An emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. Clin Infect Dis 28 :67–73.
Causey OR, Maroja OM, 1957. Mayaro virus: A new human disease agent. III. Investigation of an epidemic of acute febrile illness on the river Guama in Para, Brazil, and isolation of Mayaro virus as causative agent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :1017–1023.
Schaeffer M, Gajdusek DC, Lema AB, Eichenwald H, 1959. Epidemic jungle fevers among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian rain forest. I. Epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :372–396.
Hoch AL, Peterson NE, LeDuc JW, Pinheiro FP, 1981. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. III. Entomological and ecological studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :689–698.
Aitken TH, Downs WG, Anderson CR, Spence L, Casals J, 1960. Mayaro virus isolated from a Trinidadian mosquito, Mansonia venezuelensis. Science 131 :986.
Smith GC, Francy DB, 1991. Laboratory studies of a Brazilian strain of Aedes albopictus as a potential vector of Mayaro and Oropouche viruses. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7 :89–93.
Calisher CH, Gutierrez E, Maness KS, Lord RD, 1974. Isolation of Mayaro virus from a migrating bird captured in Louisiana in 1967. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 8 :243–248.
de Thoisy B, Gardon J, Salas RA, Morvan J, Kazanji M, 2003. Mayaro virus in wild mammals, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1326–1329.
Price JL, 1978. Serological evidence of infection of Tacaribe virus and arboviruses in Trinidadian bats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :162–167.
Seymour C, Peralta PH, Montgomery GG, 1983. Serologic evidence of natural togavirus infections in Panamanian sloths and other vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :854–861.
Talarmin A, Chandler LJ, Kazanji M, de Thoisy B, Debon P, Lelarge J, Labeau B, Bourreau E, Vie JC, Shope RE, Sarthou JL, 1998. Mayaro virus fever in French Guiana: isolation, identification, and seroprevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :452–456.
Verlinde JD, 1968. Susceptibility of cynomolgus monkeys to experimental infection with arboviruses of group A (Mayaro and Mucambo), group C (Oriboca and Restan) and an unidentified arbovirus (Kwatta) originating from Surinam. Trop Geogr Med 20 :385–390.
Downs WG, Anderson CR, 1958. Distribution of immunity to Mayaro virus infection in the West Indies. West Indian Med J 7 :190–195.
Causey OR, Casals J, Shope RE, Udomsakdi S, 1963. Aura and Una, two new group A arthropod-borne viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12 :777–781.
Haas RA, Arron-Leeuwin AE, 1975. Arboviruses isolated from mosquitos and man in Surinam. Trop Geogr Med 27 :409–412.
Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH, 1984. Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973–1981. II. Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui, and Moju viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :483–491.
Diaz LA, Spinsanti LI, Almiron WR, Contigiani MS, 2003. UNA virus: First report of human infection in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45 :109–110.
Monath TP, Sabattini MS, Pauli R, Daffner JF, Mitchell CJ, Bowen GS, Cropp CB, 1985. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980. IV. Serologic surveys and sentinel equine program. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :966–975.
Sabattini MS, Shope RE, Vanella JM, 1965. Serological survey for arboviruses in Cordoba Province, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14 :1073–1078.
Sabattini MS, Aviles G, Monath TP, 1998. Historical, epidemioligical and ecological aspects of arboviruses in Argentina: Togaviridae, Alphavirus. Travassos da Rosa APA, Vasconcelos PFC, Travassos da Rosa JFS, eds. An Overview of Arbovirology in Brazil and Neighbouring Countries. Belem: Instituto Evandro Chagas, 135–153.
Buckley SM, Clarke DH, 1970. Differentiation of group A arboviruses chikungunya, mayaro, and semliki forest by the fluorescent antibody technique. Exp Biol Med 135 :533–539.
Calisher CH, el-Kafrawi AO, Al-Deen Mahmud MI, Travassos da Rosa AP, Bartz CR, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Haksohusodo S, Suharyono W, 1986. Complex-specific immunoglobulin M antibody patterns in humans infected with alphaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 23 :155–159.
Casals J, Whitman L, 1957. Mayaro virus: a new human disease agent. I. Relationship to other arbor viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :1004–1011.
Figueiredo LT, Nogueira RM, Cavalcanti SM, Schatzmayr H, da Rosa AT, 1989. Study of two different enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Mayaro virus antibodies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84 :303–307.
Porterfield JS, 1961. Cross-neutralization studies with group A arthropod-borne viruses. Bull World Health Organ 24 :735.
Chanas AC, Johnson BK, Simpson DI, 1976. Antigenic relationships of alphaviruses by a simple micro-culture cross-neutralization method. J Gen Virol 32 :295–300.
Pinheiro FP, Dias LB, 1967. Virus Mayaro e Una: estudo de variantes produzindo grandes e pequenas placas. Lent H, ed. Atas Simposio Biota Amazonica. Rio de Janeiro: Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, 211.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Shirako Y, Strauss EG, Kang W, Strauss JH, Weaver SC, 2001. Evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. J Virol 75 :10118–10131.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and o’nyong-nyong viruses: Evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81 :471–479.
Powers AM, Oberste MS, Brault AC, Rico-Hesse R, Schmura SM, Smith JF, Kang W, Sweeney W, Weaver SC, 1997. Repeated emergence of epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus. J Virol 71 :6697–6705.
Wills MR, Sil BK, Cao JX, Yu YX, Barrett AD, 1992. Antigenic characterization of the live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine virus SA14-14-2: A comparison with isolates of the virus covering a wide geographic area. Vaccine 10 :861–872.
Bryant J, Wang H, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Watts D, Russell K, Barrett A, 2003. Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :926–933.
Mutebi JP, Wang H, Li L, Bryant JE, Barrett AD, 2001. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in Africa. J Virol 75 :6999–7008.
Vasconcelos PF, Bryant JE, da Rosa TP, Tesh RB, Rodrigues SG, Barrett AD, 2004. Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1578–1584.
Cilnis M, Kang W, Weaver SC, 1996. Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses. Virology 218 :343–351.
Killington RA, Stokes A, Hierholzer JC, 1996. Virus purification. Mahy BWJ, Kangro HO, eds. Virology Methods Manual. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 71–89.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Kinney RM, Weaver SC, 2000. The use of chimeric Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses as an approach for the molecular identification of natural virulence determinants. J Virol 74 :4258–4263.
Devereux J, Haeberli P, Smithies O, 1984. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res 12 :387–395.
Swofford DL, 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Felsenstein J, 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evol Int J Org Evol 39 :783–791.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Sixth Edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–855.
Schmidt JR, Gajdusek DC, Schaffer M, Gorrie RH, 1959. Epidemic jungle fever among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian rain forest. II. Isolation and characterization of Uruma virus, a newly recognized human pathogen. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :479–487.
Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, 1988. Arbovirus serogroups: Definition and geographic distribution. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 19–57.
Pinheiro FP, LeDuc JW, 1988. Mayaro virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137–150.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–36.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: Epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CL, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LF, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Hagenbaugh A, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68 :158–169.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, 1991. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in Culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :250–259.
Chandler LJ, Parsons R, Randle Y, 2001. Multiple genotypes of St. Louis encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) circulate in Harris County, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :12–19.
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH 3rd, Mayo DR, 2001. A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :12885–12889.
de Thoisy B, Vogel I, Reynes JM, Pouliquen JF, Carme B, Kazanji M, Vie JC, 2001. Health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in French Guiana. Am J Primatol 54 :1–16.
Theiler M, Downs WG, 1973. The Arthropod-borne Viruses of Vertebrates. New Haven. CT: Yale University Press.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1161 | 1012 | 55 |
Full Text Views | 692 | 18 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 342 | 21 | 4 |