Sansonetti PP, Le Bras J, Verdier F, Charmot G, Dupont B, Lapresle C, 1985. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cameroon. Lancet 1 :1154–1155.
Raccurt CP, Le Bras M, Le Bras J, Beylot J, Combe A, Ripert C, 1986. A propos d’un cas fatal de neuropaludisme chloroquinorésistant chez un voyageur au Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 79 :39–49.
Charmot G, Simon F, Le Bras J, 1987. Deux cas de paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum multirésistant contractés à Douala avec présentation clinique atypique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80 :447–451.
Hengy C, Garrigue G, Abissègue B, Ghogomu NA, Gazin P, Gelas H, Kouka-Bemba D, Le Bras J, Jambou R, 1989. Surveillance de la chimiosensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum à Yaoundé et ses environs (Cameroun): Etude in vivo, in vitro. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82 :217–223.
Oduola AMJ, Moyou-Somo RS, Kyle DE, Martin SK, Gerena L, Milhous WK, 1989. Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum in indigenous residents of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :308–310.
Gazin P, Louis JP, Mulder L, Eberle F, Jambou R, Moyroud J, Hengy C, 1990. Evaluation par test simplifié in vivo de la chimiosensibilité du Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine et à l’amodiaquine dans le sud du Cameroun. Med Trop (Marseille) 50 :27–31.
Hengy C, Eberlé F, Arrive A, Kouka-Bemba D, Gazin P, Jambou R, 1990. Accès palustres simples en zone de haut niveau de résistance à la chloroquine. 2. Evaluation de schémas thérapeutiques de première intention. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 83 :53–60.
World Health Organization, 1973. Chemotherapy of malaria and resistance to antimalarials: report of a WHO Scientific Group. Technical Report Series No. 529. World Health Organization: Geneva.
Brasseur P, Druilhe P, Kouamouo J, Brandicourt O, Danis M, Moyou SR, 1986. High level of sensitivity of chloroquine of 72 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from southern Cameroon in January 1985. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :711–716.
Brasseur P, Druilhe P, Kouamouo J, Moyou SR, 1987. Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance in the Sahel part of West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :162–163.
Kouamouo J, Enyong P, Brasseur S, Moyou S, Druilhe P, 1987. Nouveau foyer de paludisme chloroquino-résistant en zone forestière au Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80 :452–458.
Brasseur P, Kouamouo J, Brandicourt O, Moyou-Somo R, Druilhe P, 1988. Patterns of in vitro resistance to chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine of Plasmodium falciparum in Cameroon, 1985–1986. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :166–172.
Le Bras J, Simon F, Ramanamirija JA, Calmel MB, Hatin I, Deloron P, Porte J, Marchais R, Clausse JL, Biaud JM, Sarrouy J, Guiguemde TR, Carme B, Charmot G, Coulaud JP, Coulanges P, 1987. Sensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum aux quinoléines et stratégies thérapeutiques: comparaison de la situation en Afrique et à Madagascar entre 1983 et 1986. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80 :477–489.
World Health Organization, 1994. Antimalarial drug policies: data requirements, treatment of uncomplicated malaria and management of malaria in pregnancy. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/MAL/94.1070.
World Health Organization, 1996. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/MAL/96.1077.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/HTM/RBM/2003.50.
Ringwald P, Bickii J, Basco LK, 1996. Randomised trial of pyronaridine versus chloroquine for acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Africa. Lancet 347 :24–28.
Ringwald P, Bickii J, Basco LK, 1998. Efficacy of oral pyronaridine for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Clin Infect Dis 26 :946–953.
Ringwald P, Same Ekobo A, Keundjian A, Kedy Mangamba D, Basco LK, 2000. Chimiorésistance de P. falciparum en milieu urbain à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Part I: Surveillance in vitro et in vivo de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine entre 1994 et 1999 à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Trop Med Int Hlth 5 :612–619.
Ringwald P, Keundjian A, Same Ekobo A, Basco LK, 2000. Chimiorésistance de P. falciparum en milieu urbain à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Part 2: Evaluation de l’efficacité de l’amodiaquine et de l’association sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine pour le traitement de l’accès palustre simple à Plasmodium falciparum à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Trop Med Int Hlth 5 :620–627.
World Health Organization, 2002. Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance. Report of a WHO consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 3–5 December 2001. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.17, WHO/CDS/RBM/2002.39.
Basco LK, Same-Ekobo A, Foumane Ngane V, Ndounga M, Metoh T, Ringwald P, Soula G, 2002. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-amodiaquine combination for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in young children in Cameroon. Bull World Health Org 80 :538–545.
White NJ, 2002. The assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy. Trends Parasitol 18 :458–464.
Lavoue V, Lavoue P, Turk P, Brasseur P, Druilhe P, 1988. Low prevalence of P. falciparum in-vivo resistance to chloroquine in Northern Cameroon in 1986. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :249–250.
Louis JP, Hengy C, Louis FJ, Gazin P, Jambou R, Gardon J, Fadat G, Trebucq A, 1992. Proposals for a new therapeutic strategy for simple Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks in Cameroon. Trop Med Parasitol 43 :118–120.
Ndifor AM, Howells RE, Ward SA, 1992. Chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in vivo in a savanna town in Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :229–230.
Fadat G, Le Bras J, Hengy C, Louis JP, Gimou MM, Verdier F, 1991. Efficacy of amodiaquine against chloroquine-resistant malaria in Cameroon. Lancet 338 :1092.
Brasseur P, Agnamey P, Same Ekobo A, Samba G, Favennec L, Kouamouo J, 1995. Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine and chloroquine in central Africa: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :528–530.
Brasseur P, Guiguemde R, Diallo S, Guiyedi V, Kombila M, Ringwald P, Olliaro P, 1999. Amodiaquine remains effective for treating uncomplicated malaria in West and Central Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :645–650.
World Health Organization, 1990. Practical Chemotherapy of Malaria. Technical Report Series 805. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Olliaro PL, Nevill C, Le Bras J, Ringwald P, Mussano P, Garner P, Brasseur P, 1996. Systematic review of amodiaquine treatment in uncomplicated malaria. Lancet 348 :1196–1201.
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 2000. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Yaounde, Cameroon. VII. Analysis of recrudescence and reinfection in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :215–221.
Basco LK, Ndounga M, Keundjian A, Ringwald P, 2002. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. IX. Characteristics of recrudescent and persistent Plasmodium falciparum infections after chloroquine or amodiaquine treatment in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :117–123.
Hengy C, Eberlé F, Gazin P, Kouka-Bemba D, Gelas H, Jambou R, 1990. Accès palustres simples en zone de haut niveau de résistance à la chloroquine. 3. Emploi de traitements de deuxième intention, par voie orale. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 83 :61–65.
Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Cisse M, Cobelens F, Diallo S, Faucher JF, Garner P, Gikunda S, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lell B, Loolpapit M, Matsiegui PB, Missinou MA, Mwanza J, Ntoumi F, Olliaro P, Osimbo P, Rezbach P, Some E, Taylor WRJ, 2002. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 359 :1365–1372.
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 348 | 252 | 12 |
Full Text Views | 279 | 10 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 64 | 8 | 4 |
The availability of epidemiologic data on drug-resistant malaria based on a standardized clinical and parasitological protocol is a prerequisite for a rational therapeutic strategy to control malaria. As part of the surveillance program on the therapeutic efficacy of the first-line (chloroquine and amodiaquine) and second-line (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) drugs for the management of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections, non-randomized studies were conducted in symptomatic children aged less than 10 years according to the World Health Organization protocol (14-day follow-up period) at 12 sentinel sites in Cameroon between 1999 and 2004. Of 1,407 children enrolled in the studies, 460, 444, and 503 were treated with chloroquine, amodiaquine, or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, respectively. Chloroquine treatment resulted in high failure rates (proportion of early and late failures, 48.6%). Amodiaquine was effective at all study sites (proportion of failures, 7.3%). Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine therapy was less effective than amodiaquine (P < 0.05), with failures observed in 9.9% of patients. Chloroquine is no longer a viable option and has been withdrawn from the official drug outlets in Cameroon. Amodiaquine and, to a lesser extent, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapies are still effective in Cameroon, but further development of resistance to these drugs should be delayed by the novel strategy using artemisinin-based combination therapy. Our findings indicate that amodiaquine is the most rational partner for artesunate. Studies on the efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine combination are currently being undertaken at several sites in the country.
Sansonetti PP, Le Bras J, Verdier F, Charmot G, Dupont B, Lapresle C, 1985. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cameroon. Lancet 1 :1154–1155.
Raccurt CP, Le Bras M, Le Bras J, Beylot J, Combe A, Ripert C, 1986. A propos d’un cas fatal de neuropaludisme chloroquinorésistant chez un voyageur au Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 79 :39–49.
Charmot G, Simon F, Le Bras J, 1987. Deux cas de paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum multirésistant contractés à Douala avec présentation clinique atypique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80 :447–451.
Hengy C, Garrigue G, Abissègue B, Ghogomu NA, Gazin P, Gelas H, Kouka-Bemba D, Le Bras J, Jambou R, 1989. Surveillance de la chimiosensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum à Yaoundé et ses environs (Cameroun): Etude in vivo, in vitro. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82 :217–223.
Oduola AMJ, Moyou-Somo RS, Kyle DE, Martin SK, Gerena L, Milhous WK, 1989. Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum in indigenous residents of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :308–310.
Gazin P, Louis JP, Mulder L, Eberle F, Jambou R, Moyroud J, Hengy C, 1990. Evaluation par test simplifié in vivo de la chimiosensibilité du Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine et à l’amodiaquine dans le sud du Cameroun. Med Trop (Marseille) 50 :27–31.
Hengy C, Eberlé F, Arrive A, Kouka-Bemba D, Gazin P, Jambou R, 1990. Accès palustres simples en zone de haut niveau de résistance à la chloroquine. 2. Evaluation de schémas thérapeutiques de première intention. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 83 :53–60.
World Health Organization, 1973. Chemotherapy of malaria and resistance to antimalarials: report of a WHO Scientific Group. Technical Report Series No. 529. World Health Organization: Geneva.
Brasseur P, Druilhe P, Kouamouo J, Brandicourt O, Danis M, Moyou SR, 1986. High level of sensitivity of chloroquine of 72 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from southern Cameroon in January 1985. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :711–716.
Brasseur P, Druilhe P, Kouamouo J, Moyou SR, 1987. Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance in the Sahel part of West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :162–163.
Kouamouo J, Enyong P, Brasseur S, Moyou S, Druilhe P, 1987. Nouveau foyer de paludisme chloroquino-résistant en zone forestière au Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80 :452–458.
Brasseur P, Kouamouo J, Brandicourt O, Moyou-Somo R, Druilhe P, 1988. Patterns of in vitro resistance to chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine of Plasmodium falciparum in Cameroon, 1985–1986. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :166–172.
Le Bras J, Simon F, Ramanamirija JA, Calmel MB, Hatin I, Deloron P, Porte J, Marchais R, Clausse JL, Biaud JM, Sarrouy J, Guiguemde TR, Carme B, Charmot G, Coulaud JP, Coulanges P, 1987. Sensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum aux quinoléines et stratégies thérapeutiques: comparaison de la situation en Afrique et à Madagascar entre 1983 et 1986. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80 :477–489.
World Health Organization, 1994. Antimalarial drug policies: data requirements, treatment of uncomplicated malaria and management of malaria in pregnancy. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/MAL/94.1070.
World Health Organization, 1996. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/MAL/96.1077.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/HTM/RBM/2003.50.
Ringwald P, Bickii J, Basco LK, 1996. Randomised trial of pyronaridine versus chloroquine for acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Africa. Lancet 347 :24–28.
Ringwald P, Bickii J, Basco LK, 1998. Efficacy of oral pyronaridine for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Clin Infect Dis 26 :946–953.
Ringwald P, Same Ekobo A, Keundjian A, Kedy Mangamba D, Basco LK, 2000. Chimiorésistance de P. falciparum en milieu urbain à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Part I: Surveillance in vitro et in vivo de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine entre 1994 et 1999 à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Trop Med Int Hlth 5 :612–619.
Ringwald P, Keundjian A, Same Ekobo A, Basco LK, 2000. Chimiorésistance de P. falciparum en milieu urbain à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Part 2: Evaluation de l’efficacité de l’amodiaquine et de l’association sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine pour le traitement de l’accès palustre simple à Plasmodium falciparum à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Trop Med Int Hlth 5 :620–627.
World Health Organization, 2002. Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance. Report of a WHO consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 3–5 December 2001. World Health Organization: Geneva, WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.17, WHO/CDS/RBM/2002.39.
Basco LK, Same-Ekobo A, Foumane Ngane V, Ndounga M, Metoh T, Ringwald P, Soula G, 2002. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-amodiaquine combination for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in young children in Cameroon. Bull World Health Org 80 :538–545.
White NJ, 2002. The assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy. Trends Parasitol 18 :458–464.
Lavoue V, Lavoue P, Turk P, Brasseur P, Druilhe P, 1988. Low prevalence of P. falciparum in-vivo resistance to chloroquine in Northern Cameroon in 1986. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :249–250.
Louis JP, Hengy C, Louis FJ, Gazin P, Jambou R, Gardon J, Fadat G, Trebucq A, 1992. Proposals for a new therapeutic strategy for simple Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks in Cameroon. Trop Med Parasitol 43 :118–120.
Ndifor AM, Howells RE, Ward SA, 1992. Chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in vivo in a savanna town in Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :229–230.
Fadat G, Le Bras J, Hengy C, Louis JP, Gimou MM, Verdier F, 1991. Efficacy of amodiaquine against chloroquine-resistant malaria in Cameroon. Lancet 338 :1092.
Brasseur P, Agnamey P, Same Ekobo A, Samba G, Favennec L, Kouamouo J, 1995. Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine and chloroquine in central Africa: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :528–530.
Brasseur P, Guiguemde R, Diallo S, Guiyedi V, Kombila M, Ringwald P, Olliaro P, 1999. Amodiaquine remains effective for treating uncomplicated malaria in West and Central Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :645–650.
World Health Organization, 1990. Practical Chemotherapy of Malaria. Technical Report Series 805. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Olliaro PL, Nevill C, Le Bras J, Ringwald P, Mussano P, Garner P, Brasseur P, 1996. Systematic review of amodiaquine treatment in uncomplicated malaria. Lancet 348 :1196–1201.
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 2000. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Yaounde, Cameroon. VII. Analysis of recrudescence and reinfection in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :215–221.
Basco LK, Ndounga M, Keundjian A, Ringwald P, 2002. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. IX. Characteristics of recrudescent and persistent Plasmodium falciparum infections after chloroquine or amodiaquine treatment in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :117–123.
Hengy C, Eberlé F, Gazin P, Kouka-Bemba D, Gelas H, Jambou R, 1990. Accès palustres simples en zone de haut niveau de résistance à la chloroquine. 3. Emploi de traitements de deuxième intention, par voie orale. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 83 :61–65.
Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Cisse M, Cobelens F, Diallo S, Faucher JF, Garner P, Gikunda S, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lell B, Loolpapit M, Matsiegui PB, Missinou MA, Mwanza J, Ntoumi F, Olliaro P, Osimbo P, Rezbach P, Some E, Taylor WRJ, 2002. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 359 :1365–1372.
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 348 | 252 | 12 |
Full Text Views | 279 | 10 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 64 | 8 | 4 |