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1
Smith T, Leuenberger R, Lengeler C, 2001. Child mortality and malaria transmission intensity in Africa. Trends Parasitol 17 :145–149.
-
2
Snow R, Nahlen B, Palmer A, Donnelly CA, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1998. Risk of severe malaria among African infants: direct evidence of clinical protection during early infancy. J Infect Dis 177 :819–822.
-
3
Steketee RW, Nahlen B, Parise M, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–35.
-
4
World Health Organization, 2004. A Strategic Framework for Malaria Prevention and Control during Pregnancy in the African Region. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5
Brabin B, Rogerson S, 2003. The epidemiology and outcomes of maternal malaria. Duffy E, Fried M, eds. Malaria in Pregnancy—Deadly Parasite, Susceptible Host. London: Taylor and Francis, 27–52.
-
6
Smith T, Killeen G, Maire N, Ross A, Molineaux L, Tediosi F, Hutton G, Utzinger J, Dietz K, Tanner M, 2006. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: overview. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):1–10.
-
7
Ross A, Maire N, Molineaux L, Smith T, 2006. An epidemiologic model of severe morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):63–73.
-
8
Menendez C, 1995. Malaria during pregnancy: A priority area of malaria research and control. Parasitol Today 11 :178–183.
-
9
Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):19–31.
-
10
Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):11–18.
-
11
Tediosi F, Hutton G, Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Tanner M, 2006. Predicting the cost-effectiveness of introducing a preerythrocytic malaria vaccine into the expanded program on immunization in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):131–143.
-
12
Garner P, Gulmezoglu AM, 2003. Drugs for preventing malaria-related illness in pregnant women and death in the newborn. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000169
-
13
Van Geertruyden J-P, Thomas F, Erhart A, D’Alessandro U, 2004. The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):35–40.
-
14
Guyatt HL, Snow RW, 2004. Impact of malaria during pregnancy on low birth weight in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 :760–769.
-
15
Brabin BJ, Romagosa C, Abdelgalil S, Menendez C, Verhoeff FH, McGready R, Fletcher KA, Owens S, D’Alessandro U, Nosten F, Fischer PR, Ordi J, 2004. The sick placenta—the role of malaria. Placenta 25 :359–378.
-
16
Goodman C, Coleman PG, Mills A, 2001. The cost-effectiveness of antenatal malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :45–56.
-
17
Ismail MR, Ordi J, Menendez C, 2000. Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study. Hum Pathol 31 :85–93.
-
18
Shulman CE, Dorman EK, Talisuna AO, Lowe BS, Nevill C, Snow RW, Jilo H, Peshu N, Bulmer JN, Graham S, Marsh K, 1998. A community randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bednets for the prevention of malaria and anaemia among primigravid women on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 3 :197–204.
-
19
Hyder A, Wali SA, McGuckin J, 2003. The burden of disease from neonatal mortality: a review of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Br J Obst Gynaecol 110 :894–901.
-
20
Molineaux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Nosten F, Rogerson S, Beeson JG, McGready R, Mutabingwa TK, Brabin B, 2004. Malaria in pregnancy and the endemicity spectrum: what can we learn? Trends Parasitol 20 :425–432.
-
22
Menendez C, Ordi J, Ismail MR, Ventura PJ, Aponte J, Kahigwa E, Font F, Alonso PL, 2000. The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis 181 :1740–1745.
-
23
Craig AG, 2004. Pregnancy-associated malaria–on the brink? Trends Parasitol 20 :201–204.
-
24
Smith JD, Deitsch KW, 2004. Pregnancy-associated malaria and the prospects for syndrome-specific antimalaria vaccines. J Exp Med 200 :1093–1097.
-
25
Hviid L, 2004. The immunoepidemiology of pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a variant surface antigen-specific perspective. Parasite Immunol 26 :477–486.
-
26
D’Alessandro U, Langerock P, Bennett S, Francis N, Cham K, Greenwood BM, 1996. The impact of a national impregnated bed net programme on the outcome of pregnancy in primigravidae in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :487–492.
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27
Dolan G, ter Kuile F, Jacoutot V, White N, Luxemburger C, Malankirii L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Nosten F, 1993. Bed nets for the prevention of malaria and anaemia in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :620–626.
-
28
Browne E, Maude G, Binka F, 2001. The impact of insecticide-treated bednets on malaria and anaemia in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 6 :667–676.
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29
ter Kuile F, Terlouw D, Phillips-Howard P, Hawley PA, Fried-man JF, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hy 68 (Suppl 4):50–60.
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30
Wilcox AJ, 2001. On the importance–and the unimportance–of birthweight. Int J Epidemiol 30 :1233–1241.
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Umbach DM, Wilcox AJ, 1996. A technique for measuring epidemiologically useful features of birthweight distributions. Stat Med 15 :1333–1348.
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THE EFFECT OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION INTENSITY ON NEONATAL MORTALITY IN ENDEMIC AREAS
AMANDA ROSS
AMANDA ROSS
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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THOMAS SMITH
THOMAS SMITH
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Estimates of the impact of Plasmodium falciparum infections during pregnancy on neonatal mortality have not taken into account how this varies with the level of malaria endemicity and thus do not indicate the possible effects of malaria control strategies that reduce transmission. We now review the relevant literature, and propose a mathematical model for the association between P. falciparum transmission and neonatal death. The excess risk of neonatal mortality in malaria-endemic areas appears to be insensitive to the intensity of P. falciparum transmission over a wide range of endemicity. Moderate reductions in the overall level of malaria transmission in endemic areas are therefore unlikely to significantly reduce neonatal mortality. The magnitude of the excess risk is very uncertain because existing estimates are heavily dependent on the questionable assumption that the effects are mediated by birth weight. Accurate prediction of the impact of malaria control measures targeted at pregnant women requires direct estimates of malaria-attributable neonatal mortality rates.
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Smith T, Leuenberger R, Lengeler C, 2001. Child mortality and malaria transmission intensity in Africa. Trends Parasitol 17 :145–149.
-
2
Snow R, Nahlen B, Palmer A, Donnelly CA, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1998. Risk of severe malaria among African infants: direct evidence of clinical protection during early infancy. J Infect Dis 177 :819–822.
-
3
Steketee RW, Nahlen B, Parise M, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–35.
-
4
World Health Organization, 2004. A Strategic Framework for Malaria Prevention and Control during Pregnancy in the African Region. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5
Brabin B, Rogerson S, 2003. The epidemiology and outcomes of maternal malaria. Duffy E, Fried M, eds. Malaria in Pregnancy—Deadly Parasite, Susceptible Host. London: Taylor and Francis, 27–52.
-
6
Smith T, Killeen G, Maire N, Ross A, Molineaux L, Tediosi F, Hutton G, Utzinger J, Dietz K, Tanner M, 2006. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: overview. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):1–10.
-
7
Ross A, Maire N, Molineaux L, Smith T, 2006. An epidemiologic model of severe morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):63–73.
-
8
Menendez C, 1995. Malaria during pregnancy: A priority area of malaria research and control. Parasitol Today 11 :178–183.
-
9
Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):19–31.
-
10
Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):11–18.
-
11
Tediosi F, Hutton G, Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Tanner M, 2006. Predicting the cost-effectiveness of introducing a preerythrocytic malaria vaccine into the expanded program on immunization in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):131–143.
-
12
Garner P, Gulmezoglu AM, 2003. Drugs for preventing malaria-related illness in pregnant women and death in the newborn. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000169
-
13
Van Geertruyden J-P, Thomas F, Erhart A, D’Alessandro U, 2004. The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):35–40.
-
14
Guyatt HL, Snow RW, 2004. Impact of malaria during pregnancy on low birth weight in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 :760–769.
-
15
Brabin BJ, Romagosa C, Abdelgalil S, Menendez C, Verhoeff FH, McGready R, Fletcher KA, Owens S, D’Alessandro U, Nosten F, Fischer PR, Ordi J, 2004. The sick placenta—the role of malaria. Placenta 25 :359–378.
-
16
Goodman C, Coleman PG, Mills A, 2001. The cost-effectiveness of antenatal malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :45–56.
-
17
Ismail MR, Ordi J, Menendez C, 2000. Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study. Hum Pathol 31 :85–93.
-
18
Shulman CE, Dorman EK, Talisuna AO, Lowe BS, Nevill C, Snow RW, Jilo H, Peshu N, Bulmer JN, Graham S, Marsh K, 1998. A community randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bednets for the prevention of malaria and anaemia among primigravid women on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 3 :197–204.
-
19
Hyder A, Wali SA, McGuckin J, 2003. The burden of disease from neonatal mortality: a review of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Br J Obst Gynaecol 110 :894–901.
-
20
Molineaux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Nosten F, Rogerson S, Beeson JG, McGready R, Mutabingwa TK, Brabin B, 2004. Malaria in pregnancy and the endemicity spectrum: what can we learn? Trends Parasitol 20 :425–432.
-
22
Menendez C, Ordi J, Ismail MR, Ventura PJ, Aponte J, Kahigwa E, Font F, Alonso PL, 2000. The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis 181 :1740–1745.
-
23
Craig AG, 2004. Pregnancy-associated malaria–on the brink? Trends Parasitol 20 :201–204.
-
24
Smith JD, Deitsch KW, 2004. Pregnancy-associated malaria and the prospects for syndrome-specific antimalaria vaccines. J Exp Med 200 :1093–1097.
-
25
Hviid L, 2004. The immunoepidemiology of pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a variant surface antigen-specific perspective. Parasite Immunol 26 :477–486.
-
26
D’Alessandro U, Langerock P, Bennett S, Francis N, Cham K, Greenwood BM, 1996. The impact of a national impregnated bed net programme on the outcome of pregnancy in primigravidae in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :487–492.
-
27
Dolan G, ter Kuile F, Jacoutot V, White N, Luxemburger C, Malankirii L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Nosten F, 1993. Bed nets for the prevention of malaria and anaemia in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :620–626.
-
28
Browne E, Maude G, Binka F, 2001. The impact of insecticide-treated bednets on malaria and anaemia in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 6 :667–676.
-
29
ter Kuile F, Terlouw D, Phillips-Howard P, Hawley PA, Fried-man JF, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hy 68 (Suppl 4):50–60.
-
30
Wilcox AJ, 2001. On the importance–and the unimportance–of birthweight. Int J Epidemiol 30 :1233–1241.
-
31
Umbach DM, Wilcox AJ, 1996. A technique for measuring epidemiologically useful features of birthweight distributions. Stat Med 15 :1333–1348.
-
32
Brabin BJ, Agbaje SOF, Ahmed Y, Briggs ND, 1999. A birth-weight nomogram for Africa, as a malaria control indicator. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :S43–S57.
-
33
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Slutsker L, Heymann DL, Breman JG, 1996. The problem of malaria and malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :2–7.
-
34
Bouvier P, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Robert C-F, Picquet M, Mauris A, Dolo A, Dembele HK, Delley V, Rougemont A, 1997. Seasonality,malaria, and impact of prophylaxis in a west African village II. Effect on birthweight. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :384–389.
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