ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Breman JG, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :1–11.
-
2
Trape JF, Rogier C, 1996. Combating malaria morbidity and mortality by reducing transmission. Parasitol Today 12 :236–240.
-
3
Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, 1994. The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :123–137.
-
4
Konate L, Diagne N, Brahimi K, Faye O, Legros F, Rogier C, Petrarca V, Trape JF, 1994. Biology of the vectors and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale in a village in the savanna of west Africa (Dilemo, Senegal). Parasite 1 :325–333.
-
5
Fontenille D, Lochouarn L, Diatta M, Sokhna C, Dia I, Diagne N, Lemasson JJ, Ba K, Tall A, Rogier C, Trape JF, 1997. Four years’ entomological study of the transmission of seasonal malaria in Senegal and the bionomics of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :647–652.
-
6
Kitua A, Smith T, Alonso PL, Masanja H, Urassa H, Menendez C, Kimario J, Tanner M, 1996. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the first year of life in an area of intense and perennial transmission. Trop Med Int Health 1 :475–484.
-
7
Mwangi TW, Ross A, Snow RW, Marsh K, 2005. Case definitions of clinical malaria under different transmission conditions in Kilifi district, Kenya. J Infect Dis 191 :1932–1939.
-
8
Lines J, Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, 1992. For a few parasites more: inoculum size, vector control and strain-specific immunity to malaria. Parasitol Today 8 :381–382.
-
9
Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Konate L, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1996. Different genetic characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during successive clinical malaria episodes in Senegalese children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :632–643.
-
10
Gupta S, Day KP, 1994. A theoretical framework for the immunoepidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol 16 :361–370.
-
11
Gupta S, Trenholme K, Anderson RM, Day KP, 1994. Antigenic diversity and the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Science 263 :961–963.
-
12
Babiker H, Ranford-Cartwright L, Walliker D, 1999. Genetic structure and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the Kilombero region of Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 (Suppl 1):11–14.
-
13
Ranford-Cartwright L, Balfe P, Carter R, Walliker D, 1993. Frequency of cross-fertilization in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 107 :11–18.
-
14
Walliker D, 1989. Genetic recombination in malaria parasites. Exp Parasitol 69 :303–309.
-
15
Conway D, Roper C, Oduola AM, Arnot D, Kremsner PG, Grobusch MP, Curtis CF, Greenwood BM, 1999. High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 :4506–4511.
-
16
Felger I, Beck H-P, 2002. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum. PCR-RFLP analysis. Methods Mol Med 72 :117–129.
-
17
Alloueche A, Silveira H, Conway D, Bojang K, Doherty T, Cohen J, Pinder M, Greenwood BM, 2000. High-throughput sequence typing of T-cell epitope polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 106 :273–282.
-
18
Bull P, Marsh K, 2002. The role of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum-infected-erythrocyte surface antigens in naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Trends Microbiol 10 :55–58.
-
19
Giha H, Staalsoe T, Dodoo D, Elhassan IM, Roper C, Satti G, Arnot D, Theander TG, Hviid L, 1999. Nine-year longitudinal study of antibodies to variant antigens on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infect Immun 67 :4092–4098.
-
20
Recker M, Nee S, Bull P, Kinyanjui S, Marsh K, Newbold C, Gupta S, 2004. Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria. Nature 429 :555–558.
-
21
Saul A, 1996. Transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 12 :74–79.
-
22
Smith T, Hurt N, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1995. Is fever a good sign for clinical malaria in surveys of endemic communities? Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :306–310.
-
23
McGuinness D, Koram K, Bennett S, Wagner G, Nkrumah F, Riley E, 1998. Clinical case definitions for malaria: clinical malaria associated with very low parasite densities in African infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :527–531.
-
24
Rogier C, Commenges D, Trape JF, 1996. Evidence for an age-dependent pyrogenic threshold of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in highly endemic populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :613–619.
-
25
Vounatsou P, Smith T, Kitua A, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 2000. Apparent tolerance of Plasmodium falciparum in infants in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 120 :1–9.
-
26
Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):19–31.
-
27
Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):11–18.
-
28
Jeffery GM, Young MD, Burgess RW, Eyles DE, 1959. Early activity in sporozoite-induced Plasmodium falciparum infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53 :51–58.
-
29
Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, Gibson N, Taime J, Narara A, Al-Yaman F, Beck H-P, Hii J, Alpers MP, 1994. Relationships between Plasmodium falciparum infection and morbidity in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 109 :539–549.
-
30
Boisier P, Jambou R, Raharimalala L, Roux J, 2002. Relationship between parasite density and fever risk in a community exposed to a low level of malaria transmission in Madagascar highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :137–140.
-
31
Molineaux L, Trauble M, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Dietz K, 2002. Malaria therapy reinoculation data suggest individual variation of an innate immune response and independent acquisition of antiparasitic and antitoxic immunities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :205–209.
-
32
Miller MJ, 1958. Observations on the natural history of malaria in the semi-resistant west African. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52 :152–168.
-
33
Trape JF, Peelman P, Morault-Peelman B, 1985. Criteria for diagnosing clinical malaria among a semi-immune population exposed to intense and perennial transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :435–442.
-
34
Clark IA, Al-Yaman F, Cowden WB, Rockett KA, 1996. Does malarial tolerance, through nitric oxide, explain the low incidence of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa? Lancet 348 :1492–1494.
-
35
Boutlis CS, Gowda DC, Naik RS, Maguire GP, Mgone CS, Bockarie M, Lagog M, Ibam E, Lorry K, Anstey NM, 2002. Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols: inverse association with tolerance of parasitemia in Papua New Guinean children and adults. Infect Immun 70 :5052–5057.
-
36
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua A, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :243–251.
-
37
INDEPTH Network, 2002. Population, Health and Survival at INDEPTH Sites. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
-
38
Rogier C, Trape JF, 1995. Study of premunition development in holo- and mesoendemic malaria areas in Dielmo and Ndiop (Senegal): preliminary results. Med Trop (Mars) 55 :71–76.
-
39
Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt CD Jr, Vecchi MP, 1983. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220 :671–680.
-
40
Press WH, Flannery BP, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, 1988. Numerical Recipes in C: the Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
-
41
Smith T, Killeen G, Lengeler C, Tanner M, 2004. Relationships between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl):80–86.
-
42
Cox MJ, Kum DE, Tavul L, Narara A, Raiko A, Baisor M, Alpers MP, Medley GF, Day KP, 1994. Dynamics of malaria parasitaemia associated with febrile illness in children from a rural area of Madang, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :191–197.
-
43
Woolhouse ME, 1998. Patterns in parasite epidemiology: The peak shift. Parasitol Today 14 :428–434.
-
44
Smith T, Hii J, Genton B, Muller I, Booth M, Gibson N, Narara A, Alpers MP, 2001. Associations of peak shifts in age-prevalence for human malarias with bed net coverage. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :1–6.
-
45
Coleman PG, Perry BD, Woolhouse ME, 2001. Endemic stability–a veterinary idea applied to human public health. Lancet 357 :1284–1286.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2184 | 2052 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 586 | 39 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 239 | 40 | 0 |
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC MODEL OF THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE ILLNESS IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA
THOMAS SMITH
THOMAS SMITH
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille-Armées, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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AMANDA ROSS
AMANDA ROSS
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille-Armées, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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NICOLAS MAIRE
NICOLAS MAIRE
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille-Armées, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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CHRISTOPHE ROGIER
CHRISTOPHE ROGIER
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille-Armées, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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JEAN-FRANÇOIS TRAPE
JEAN-FRANÇOIS TRAPE
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille-Armées, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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LOUIS MOLINEAUX
LOUIS MOLINEAUX
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille-Armées, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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We propose a stochastic model for simulating malaria tolerance. The model relates the probability of a clinical attack of malaria to the peripheral parasite densities via a pyrogenic threshold that itself responds dynamically to the parasite load. The parameters of the model have been estimated by fitting it to the relationship between incidence of clinical episodes and the entomologic inoculation rate, using age-specific incidence data from two villages in Senegal and one village in Tanzania. The model reproduces the shifts in age distribution of clinical episodes associated with variation in transmission intensity, and in keeping with the data, predicts a slightly higher lifetime number of episodes in the mesoendemic village of Ndiop than in the holoendemic village of Dielmo. This model provides a parsimonious explanation of counter-intuitive relationships between the overall incidence of clinical malaria and transmission intensity. In contrast to the theory of endemic stability, recently proposed to apply to P. falciparum, it does not assume any intrinsic age dependence in the outcome of infection. This model can be used to explore the consequences for predictions of the effects of different anti-malarial interventions on the incidence of clinical malaria.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Breman JG, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :1–11.
-
2
Trape JF, Rogier C, 1996. Combating malaria morbidity and mortality by reducing transmission. Parasitol Today 12 :236–240.
-
3
Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, 1994. The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :123–137.
-
4
Konate L, Diagne N, Brahimi K, Faye O, Legros F, Rogier C, Petrarca V, Trape JF, 1994. Biology of the vectors and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale in a village in the savanna of west Africa (Dilemo, Senegal). Parasite 1 :325–333.
-
5
Fontenille D, Lochouarn L, Diatta M, Sokhna C, Dia I, Diagne N, Lemasson JJ, Ba K, Tall A, Rogier C, Trape JF, 1997. Four years’ entomological study of the transmission of seasonal malaria in Senegal and the bionomics of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :647–652.
-
6
Kitua A, Smith T, Alonso PL, Masanja H, Urassa H, Menendez C, Kimario J, Tanner M, 1996. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the first year of life in an area of intense and perennial transmission. Trop Med Int Health 1 :475–484.
-
7
Mwangi TW, Ross A, Snow RW, Marsh K, 2005. Case definitions of clinical malaria under different transmission conditions in Kilifi district, Kenya. J Infect Dis 191 :1932–1939.
-
8
Lines J, Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, 1992. For a few parasites more: inoculum size, vector control and strain-specific immunity to malaria. Parasitol Today 8 :381–382.
-
9
Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Konate L, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1996. Different genetic characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during successive clinical malaria episodes in Senegalese children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :632–643.
-
10
Gupta S, Day KP, 1994. A theoretical framework for the immunoepidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol 16 :361–370.
-
11
Gupta S, Trenholme K, Anderson RM, Day KP, 1994. Antigenic diversity and the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Science 263 :961–963.
-
12
Babiker H, Ranford-Cartwright L, Walliker D, 1999. Genetic structure and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the Kilombero region of Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 (Suppl 1):11–14.
-
13
Ranford-Cartwright L, Balfe P, Carter R, Walliker D, 1993. Frequency of cross-fertilization in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 107 :11–18.
-
14
Walliker D, 1989. Genetic recombination in malaria parasites. Exp Parasitol 69 :303–309.
-
15
Conway D, Roper C, Oduola AM, Arnot D, Kremsner PG, Grobusch MP, Curtis CF, Greenwood BM, 1999. High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 :4506–4511.
-
16
Felger I, Beck H-P, 2002. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum. PCR-RFLP analysis. Methods Mol Med 72 :117–129.
-
17
Alloueche A, Silveira H, Conway D, Bojang K, Doherty T, Cohen J, Pinder M, Greenwood BM, 2000. High-throughput sequence typing of T-cell epitope polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 106 :273–282.
-
18
Bull P, Marsh K, 2002. The role of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum-infected-erythrocyte surface antigens in naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Trends Microbiol 10 :55–58.
-
19
Giha H, Staalsoe T, Dodoo D, Elhassan IM, Roper C, Satti G, Arnot D, Theander TG, Hviid L, 1999. Nine-year longitudinal study of antibodies to variant antigens on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infect Immun 67 :4092–4098.
-
20
Recker M, Nee S, Bull P, Kinyanjui S, Marsh K, Newbold C, Gupta S, 2004. Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria. Nature 429 :555–558.
-
21
Saul A, 1996. Transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 12 :74–79.
-
22
Smith T, Hurt N, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1995. Is fever a good sign for clinical malaria in surveys of endemic communities? Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :306–310.
-
23
McGuinness D, Koram K, Bennett S, Wagner G, Nkrumah F, Riley E, 1998. Clinical case definitions for malaria: clinical malaria associated with very low parasite densities in African infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :527–531.
-
24
Rogier C, Commenges D, Trape JF, 1996. Evidence for an age-dependent pyrogenic threshold of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in highly endemic populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :613–619.
-
25
Vounatsou P, Smith T, Kitua A, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 2000. Apparent tolerance of Plasmodium falciparum in infants in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 120 :1–9.
-
26
Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):19–31.
-
27
Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):11–18.
-
28
Jeffery GM, Young MD, Burgess RW, Eyles DE, 1959. Early activity in sporozoite-induced Plasmodium falciparum infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53 :51–58.
-
29
Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, Gibson N, Taime J, Narara A, Al-Yaman F, Beck H-P, Hii J, Alpers MP, 1994. Relationships between Plasmodium falciparum infection and morbidity in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 109 :539–549.
-
30
Boisier P, Jambou R, Raharimalala L, Roux J, 2002. Relationship between parasite density and fever risk in a community exposed to a low level of malaria transmission in Madagascar highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :137–140.
-
31
Molineaux L, Trauble M, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Dietz K, 2002. Malaria therapy reinoculation data suggest individual variation of an innate immune response and independent acquisition of antiparasitic and antitoxic immunities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :205–209.
-
32
Miller MJ, 1958. Observations on the natural history of malaria in the semi-resistant west African. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52 :152–168.
-
33
Trape JF, Peelman P, Morault-Peelman B, 1985. Criteria for diagnosing clinical malaria among a semi-immune population exposed to intense and perennial transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :435–442.
-
34
Clark IA, Al-Yaman F, Cowden WB, Rockett KA, 1996. Does malarial tolerance, through nitric oxide, explain the low incidence of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa? Lancet 348 :1492–1494.
-
35
Boutlis CS, Gowda DC, Naik RS, Maguire GP, Mgone CS, Bockarie M, Lagog M, Ibam E, Lorry K, Anstey NM, 2002. Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols: inverse association with tolerance of parasitemia in Papua New Guinean children and adults. Infect Immun 70 :5052–5057.
-
36
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua A, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :243–251.
-
37
INDEPTH Network, 2002. Population, Health and Survival at INDEPTH Sites. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
-
38
Rogier C, Trape JF, 1995. Study of premunition development in holo- and mesoendemic malaria areas in Dielmo and Ndiop (Senegal): preliminary results. Med Trop (Mars) 55 :71–76.
-
39
Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt CD Jr, Vecchi MP, 1983. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220 :671–680.
-
40
Press WH, Flannery BP, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, 1988. Numerical Recipes in C: the Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
-
41
Smith T, Killeen G, Lengeler C, Tanner M, 2004. Relationships between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl):80–86.
-
42
Cox MJ, Kum DE, Tavul L, Narara A, Raiko A, Baisor M, Alpers MP, Medley GF, Day KP, 1994. Dynamics of malaria parasitaemia associated with febrile illness in children from a rural area of Madang, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :191–197.
-
43
Woolhouse ME, 1998. Patterns in parasite epidemiology: The peak shift. Parasitol Today 14 :428–434.
-
44
Smith T, Hii J, Genton B, Muller I, Booth M, Gibson N, Narara A, Alpers MP, 2001. Associations of peak shifts in age-prevalence for human malarias with bed net coverage. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :1–6.
-
45
Coleman PG, Perry BD, Woolhouse ME, 2001. Endemic stability–a veterinary idea applied to human public health. Lancet 357 :1284–1286.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2184 | 2052 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 586 | 39 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 239 | 40 | 0 |