Authors:
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-
1
Talisuna AO, 2004. Intensity of Malaria Transmission, Spread of Plasmodium falciparum Resistant Malaria and Genetic Markers for Chloroquine and Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance. Antwerp: Univeristy of Antwerp.
-
2
Ndyomugyenyi R, Magnussen P, 2004. Trends in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality among young children admitted in Ahandan hospitals for the period 1999–2001. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :315–327.
-
3
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :480–487.
-
4
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D, 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :121–130.
-
5
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
6
Talisuna AO, Kyosiimire-Lugemwa J, Langi P, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins W, Van Marck E, Egwang T, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Role of the pfcrt codon 76 mutation as a molecular marker for population-based surveillance of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ugandan sentinel sites with high CQ resistance. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :551–556.
-
7
Talisuna AO, Langi P, Mutabingwa TK, Van Marck E, Speybroeck N, Egwang TG, Watkins WW, Hastings IM, D’Alessandro U, 2003. Intensity of transmission and spread of gene mutations linked to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in falciparum malaria. Int J Parasit 33 :1051–1058.
-
8
Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Coosemans M, Julvez J, Manguin S, Richard-Lenoble D, Sircoulon J, 2004. Biodiversité du Paludisme dans le Monde. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext.
-
9
Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure JI, 1999. Short report: entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :109–113.
-
10
Lengeler C, Armstrong-Schellenberg J, D’Alessandro U, Binka F, Cattani J, 1998. Relative versus absolute risk of dying reduction after using insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :286–290.
-
11
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :520–529.
-
12
Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser KM, Beaudoin RL, Andre RG, 1987. Comparative testing of monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ 65 :39–45.
-
13
Fontenille D, Meunier JY, Nkondjio CA, Tchuinkam T, 2001. Use of circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with microscopic examination of salivary glands for calculation of malaria infectivity rates in mosquitoes (Diptera: culicidae) from Cameroon. J Med Entomol 38 :451–454.
-
14
Macdonald G, 1957. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. London: Oxford University Press.
-
15
Talisuna AO, Langi P, Bakyaita N, Egwang T, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins W, Van Marck E, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Intensity of malaria transmission, antimalarial-drug use and resistance in Uganda: what is the relationship between these three factors? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :310–317.
-
16
Gibbens EG, 1932. Natural malaria infection of house frequenting Anopheles mosquitoes in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 26 :266.
-
17
Steyn JJ, 1946. The effect of the anopheline fauna on cultivation of swamps in Kigezi district, Uganda. East Afr Med J 23 :163–169.
-
18
Zahar AR, 1985. Vector Bionomics in the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. Part I. The WHO Africal Region & the Southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Section III. Vector Bionomics, Malaria Epidemiology and Control by Geographical Areas. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19
White GB, 1985. Anopheles bwambae sp a malaria vector in Semliki Valley, Uganda, and its relationship with other sibling species of the An. gambiae complex. Syst Entomol 10 :501–522.
-
20
Keating J, Mbogo CM, Mwangangi J, Nzovu JG, Gu WD, Regens JL, Yan GY, Githure JI, Beier JC, 2005. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the Kenyan coast. J Med Entomol 42 :241–246.
-
21
Hay SI, Rogers DJ, Toomer JF, Snow RW, 2000. Annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa: literature survey, internet access and review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :113–127.
-
22
Takken W, Lindsay SW, 2003. Factors affecting the vectorial competence of Anopheles gambiae: a question of scale. Takken W, Scott TW, eds. Ecological Aspects for Application of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 75–90.
-
23
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA, 1979. Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73 :483–497.
-
24
Highton RB, Bryan JH, Boreman PFL, Chandler JA, 1979. Studies on the sibling species Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles arabiensis (Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Kisumu area, Kenya. Bull Entomol Res 69 :43–53.
-
25
Coosemans M, Petrarca V, Barutwanayo M, Coluzzi M, 1989. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex and chromosomal polymorphism in a rice-growing area of the Rusizi valley (Republic of Burundi). Parasitologia 31 :113–122.
-
26
Smits A, Roelants P, Van Bortel W, Coosemans M, 1996. Enzyme polymorphisms in the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) complex related to feeding and resting behaviour in the Imbo Valley, Burundi. J Med Entomol 33 :545–553.
-
27
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua AY, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :243–251.
-
28
Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kitua AY, Masanja H, Mwankusye S, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Relationships of malaria morbidity with exposure to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in a highly endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :252–257.
-
29
Smith TA, Leuenberger R, Lengeler C, 2001. Child mortality and malaria transmission intensity in Africa. Trends Parasitol 17 :145–149.
-
30
Kilian AHD, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall pattern, El Niño and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–23.
-
31
Mugisha F, Arinaitwe J, 2003. Sleeping arrangements and mosquito net use among under-fives: Results from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Malaria J 2 :40.
-
32
Lengeler C, 2006. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria (Cochrane review). Cochrane Rev 1 :CD000363.
-
33
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-Treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
-
34
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Wannemuehler KA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Olson K, Alaii JA, Odhacha A, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :38–43.
-
35
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, High-tower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :16–22.
-
36
Smith DL, McKenzie FE, 2004. Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria J 3 :13.
-
37
Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Schieffelin C, Billingsley PF, Beier JC, 2000. The potential impact of integrated malaria transmission control on entomologic inoculation rate in highly endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :545–551.
-
38
Guillet P, Alnwick D, Cham MK, Neira M, Zaim M, Heymann D, Mukelabai K, 2001. Long-lasting treated mosquito nets: A breakthrough in malaria prevention. Bull World Health Organ 79 :998.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 606 | 489 | 223 |
| Full Text Views | 529 | 18 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 254 | 15 | 0 |
VARIATION IN MALARIA TRANSMISSION INTENSITY IN SEVEN SITES THROUGHOUT UGANDA
PAUL EDWARD OKELLO
PAUL EDWARD OKELLO
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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WIM VAN BORTEL
WIM VAN BORTEL
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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ANATOL MARANDA BYARUHANGA
ANATOL MARANDA BYARUHANGA
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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ANNE CORREWYN
ANNE CORREWYN
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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PATRICIA ROELANTS
PATRICIA ROELANTS
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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AMBROSE TALISUNA
AMBROSE TALISUNA
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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UMBERTO D’ALESSANDRO
UMBERTO D’ALESSANDRO
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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MARC COOSEMANS
MARC COOSEMANS
Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Medical Entomology in Kampala, Uganda
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Knowledge of the baseline malaria transmission in a given environment is important to guide malaria control interventions. However, in Uganda, recent information on malaria transmission intensity is lacking. Therefore, a 1-year entomological study was conducted in seven ecologically different sites throughout the country to assess spatial and temporal patterns in malaria transmission intensity. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was the main vector in five of the seven study sites, and An. funestus was the most important vector in the two other sites. In a peri-urban village, An. arabiensis contributed substantially to malaria transmission. Clear differences in annual entomological inoculation rates (AEIR) were observed between the study sites, ranging from 4 infective bites per person per year in the southwestern part of the country to >1,500 infective bites per person per year in a swampy area near the Nile River. Between villages with parasite prevalences of ≥ 80% in children between 1 and 9 years old, a 4-fold difference in AEIR was observed. Based on the observed behavior of the vectors, insecticide-treated bed nets will be highly effective in controlling malaria. However, in the high transmission areas, additional measures will be needed to reduce the malaria burden to acceptable levels.
Author Notes
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-
1
Talisuna AO, 2004. Intensity of Malaria Transmission, Spread of Plasmodium falciparum Resistant Malaria and Genetic Markers for Chloroquine and Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance. Antwerp: Univeristy of Antwerp.
-
2
Ndyomugyenyi R, Magnussen P, 2004. Trends in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality among young children admitted in Ahandan hospitals for the period 1999–2001. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :315–327.
-
3
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :480–487.
-
4
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D, 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :121–130.
-
5
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
6
Talisuna AO, Kyosiimire-Lugemwa J, Langi P, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins W, Van Marck E, Egwang T, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Role of the pfcrt codon 76 mutation as a molecular marker for population-based surveillance of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ugandan sentinel sites with high CQ resistance. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :551–556.
-
7
Talisuna AO, Langi P, Mutabingwa TK, Van Marck E, Speybroeck N, Egwang TG, Watkins WW, Hastings IM, D’Alessandro U, 2003. Intensity of transmission and spread of gene mutations linked to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in falciparum malaria. Int J Parasit 33 :1051–1058.
-
8
Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Coosemans M, Julvez J, Manguin S, Richard-Lenoble D, Sircoulon J, 2004. Biodiversité du Paludisme dans le Monde. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext.
-
9
Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure JI, 1999. Short report: entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :109–113.
-
10
Lengeler C, Armstrong-Schellenberg J, D’Alessandro U, Binka F, Cattani J, 1998. Relative versus absolute risk of dying reduction after using insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :286–290.
-
11
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :520–529.
-
12
Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser KM, Beaudoin RL, Andre RG, 1987. Comparative testing of monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ 65 :39–45.
-
13
Fontenille D, Meunier JY, Nkondjio CA, Tchuinkam T, 2001. Use of circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with microscopic examination of salivary glands for calculation of malaria infectivity rates in mosquitoes (Diptera: culicidae) from Cameroon. J Med Entomol 38 :451–454.
-
14
Macdonald G, 1957. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. London: Oxford University Press.
-
15
Talisuna AO, Langi P, Bakyaita N, Egwang T, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins W, Van Marck E, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Intensity of malaria transmission, antimalarial-drug use and resistance in Uganda: what is the relationship between these three factors? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :310–317.
-
16
Gibbens EG, 1932. Natural malaria infection of house frequenting Anopheles mosquitoes in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 26 :266.
-
17
Steyn JJ, 1946. The effect of the anopheline fauna on cultivation of swamps in Kigezi district, Uganda. East Afr Med J 23 :163–169.
-
18
Zahar AR, 1985. Vector Bionomics in the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. Part I. The WHO Africal Region & the Southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Section III. Vector Bionomics, Malaria Epidemiology and Control by Geographical Areas. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19
White GB, 1985. Anopheles bwambae sp a malaria vector in Semliki Valley, Uganda, and its relationship with other sibling species of the An. gambiae complex. Syst Entomol 10 :501–522.
-
20
Keating J, Mbogo CM, Mwangangi J, Nzovu JG, Gu WD, Regens JL, Yan GY, Githure JI, Beier JC, 2005. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the Kenyan coast. J Med Entomol 42 :241–246.
-
21
Hay SI, Rogers DJ, Toomer JF, Snow RW, 2000. Annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa: literature survey, internet access and review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :113–127.
-
22
Takken W, Lindsay SW, 2003. Factors affecting the vectorial competence of Anopheles gambiae: a question of scale. Takken W, Scott TW, eds. Ecological Aspects for Application of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 75–90.
-
23
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA, 1979. Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73 :483–497.
-
24
Highton RB, Bryan JH, Boreman PFL, Chandler JA, 1979. Studies on the sibling species Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles arabiensis (Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Kisumu area, Kenya. Bull Entomol Res 69 :43–53.
-
25
Coosemans M, Petrarca V, Barutwanayo M, Coluzzi M, 1989. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex and chromosomal polymorphism in a rice-growing area of the Rusizi valley (Republic of Burundi). Parasitologia 31 :113–122.
-
26
Smits A, Roelants P, Van Bortel W, Coosemans M, 1996. Enzyme polymorphisms in the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) complex related to feeding and resting behaviour in the Imbo Valley, Burundi. J Med Entomol 33 :545–553.
-
27
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua AY, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :243–251.
-
28
Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kitua AY, Masanja H, Mwankusye S, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Relationships of malaria morbidity with exposure to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in a highly endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :252–257.
-
29
Smith TA, Leuenberger R, Lengeler C, 2001. Child mortality and malaria transmission intensity in Africa. Trends Parasitol 17 :145–149.
-
30
Kilian AHD, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall pattern, El Niño and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–23.
-
31
Mugisha F, Arinaitwe J, 2003. Sleeping arrangements and mosquito net use among under-fives: Results from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Malaria J 2 :40.
-
32
Lengeler C, 2006. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria (Cochrane review). Cochrane Rev 1 :CD000363.
-
33
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-Treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
-
34
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Wannemuehler KA, Kolczak MS, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Olson K, Alaii JA, Odhacha A, Vulule JM, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :38–43.
-
35
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, High-tower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :16–22.
-
36
Smith DL, McKenzie FE, 2004. Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria J 3 :13.
-
37
Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Schieffelin C, Billingsley PF, Beier JC, 2000. The potential impact of integrated malaria transmission control on entomologic inoculation rate in highly endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :545–551.
-
38
Guillet P, Alnwick D, Cham MK, Neira M, Zaim M, Heymann D, Mukelabai K, 2001. Long-lasting treated mosquito nets: A breakthrough in malaria prevention. Bull World Health Organ 79 :998.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 606 | 489 | 223 |
| Full Text Views | 529 | 18 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 254 | 15 | 0 |