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Reference Manager
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-
1
King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ, 2005. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365 :1561–1569.
-
2
King CH, 2001. Disease in schistosomiasis haematobia. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 265–296.
-
3
WHO, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912 :2–5.
-
4
van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D, 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86 :125–139.
-
5
Chen MG, Mott KE, 1989. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Trop Dis Bull 86 :R1–R36.
-
6
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77 :41–51.
-
7
Warren KS, 1982. Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. I. Schistosomiasis. Rev Infect Dis 4 :715–726.
-
8
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1988. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. I. Metrifonate versus praziquantel in control of intensity and prevalence of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :295–305.
-
9
Hodder SL, Mahmoud AAF, Sorenson K, Weinert DM, Stein RL, Ouma JH, Koech D, King CH, 2000. Predisposition to urinary tract epithelial metaplasia in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :133–138.
-
10
Etard JF, Borel E, Segala C, 1990. Schistosoma haematobium infection in Mauritania: two years of follow-up after a targeted chemotherapy: a life-table approach of the risk of reinfection. Parasitology 100 :399–406.
-
11
Fulford AJ, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Thiongo FW, Klumpp R, Kloos H, Sturrock RF, Butterworth AE, 1996. Water contact observations in Kenyan communities endemic for schistosomiasis: methodology and patterns of behaviour. Parasitology 113 :223–241.
-
12
Amazigo UO, Anago-Amanze CI, Okeibunor JC, 1997. Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Nigeria: consequences of indigenous beliefs and water contact activities. J Biosoc Sci 29 :9–18.
-
13
Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, King CH, 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :127–134.
-
14
King CH, Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, 2000. Evidence against rapid emergence of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :585–594.
-
15
el Kholy H, Arap Siongok TK, Koech D, Sturrock RF, Houser H, King CH, Mahmoud AA, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :212–219.
-
16
Peters PAS, Mahmoud AAF, Warren KS, Ouma JH, Siongok TKA, 1976. Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. Bull World Health Organ 54 :159–162.
-
17
Warren KS, Mahmoud AAF, Muruka JF, Whittaker LR, Ouma JH, Arap Siongok TK, 1979. Schistosomiasis haematobia in Coast Province, Kenya. Relationship between egg output and morbidity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :864–870.
-
18
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. II. Metrifonate vs. praziquantel in control of infection-associated morbidity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 :587–595.
-
19
Pocock SJ, 1983. Clinical Trials, A Practical Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
-
20
Utzinger J, Bergquist R, Xiao SH, Singer BH, Tanner M, 2003. Sustainable schistosomiasis control: the way forward. Lancet 362 :1932–1934.
-
21
Savioli L, Engels D, Roungou JB, Fenwick A, Endo H, 2004. Schistosomiasis control. Lancet 363 :658.
-
22
King CH, 2001. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis: determinants of transmission of infection. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 115–132.
-
23
Klumpp RK, Webbe G, 1987. Focal, seasonal and behavioural patterns of infection and transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in a farming village at the Volta Lake, Ghana. J Trop Med Hyg 90 :265–281.
-
24
Sturrock RF, Kimani R, Cottrell BJ, Butterworth AE, Seitz HM, Siongok TK, Houba V, 1983. Observations on possible immunity to reinfection among Kenyan schoolchildren after treatment for Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 :363–371.
-
25
Hagan P, Blumenthal UJ, Chaudri M, Greenwood BM, Hayes RJ, Hodgson I, Kelly C, Knight M, Simpson AJ, Smithers SR, 1987. Resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium in Gambian children: analysis of their immune responses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :938–946.
-
26
Etard JF, Audibert M, Dabo A, 1995. Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :549–558.
-
27
Sturrock RF, Kinyanjui H, Thiongo FW, Tosha S, Ouma JH, King CH, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. 3.Snail studies monitoring the effect of chemotherapy on transmission in the Msambweni area, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :257–261.
-
28
Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady MS, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Ndzovu ST, Mungai P, Hoffman O, Hamburger J, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2004. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in the Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :449–456.
-
29
Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly-endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :443–448.
-
30
Asaolu SO, Ofoezie IE, 2003. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Trop 86 :283–294.
-
31
Gurarie D, King CH, 2005. Heterogeneous model of schistosomiasis transmission and long-term control: the combined influence of spatial variation and age-dependent factors on optimal allocation of drug therapy. Parasitology 130 :49–65.
-
32
Guyatt H, Brooker S, Lwambo NJ, Siza JE, Bundy DA, 1999. The performance of school-based questionnaires of reported blood in urine in diagnosing Schistosoma haematobium infection: patterns by age and sex. Trop Med Int Health 4 :751–757.
-
33
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80 :235–242.
-
34
Cioli D, 2000. Praziquantel: is there real resistance and are there alternatives? Curr Opin Infect Dis 13 :659–663.
-
35
Feldmeier H, Chitsulo L, 1999. Therapeutic and operational profiles of metrifonate and praziquantel in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Arzneimittelforschung 49 :557–565.
-
36
Talaat M, Omar M, Evans D, 1999. Developing strategies to control schistosomiasis morbidity in nonenrolled school-age children: experience from Egypt. Trop Med Int Health 4 :551–556.
-
37
Warren KS, Arap Siongok TK, Hauser HB, Ouma JH, Peters PAS, 1978. Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. I. Minimal number of daily egg counts in urine necessary to establish intensity of infection. J Infect Dis 138 :849–855.
-
38
Savioli S, Hatz C, Dixon H, Kisumku UM, Mott KE, 1990. Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba Island: egg excretion and hematuria as indicators of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :289–295.
-
39
Miguel E, Kremer M, 2004. Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities. Econometrica 72 :159–217.
-
40
Ouma JH, King CH, Muchiri EM, Mungai P, Koech DK, Ireri E, Magak P, Kadzo H, 2005. Late benefits 10–18 years after drug therapy for infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Kwale District, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :359–364.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 315 | 99 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 63 | 22 | 0 |
FACTORS AFFECTING INFECTION OR REINFECTION WITH SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM IN COASTAL KENYA: SURVIVAL ANALYSIS DURING A NINE-YEAR, SCHOOL-BASED TREATMENT PROGRAM
SUDTIDA A. SATAYATHUM
SUDTIDA A. SATAYATHUM
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Biomedical Science and Technology Programme, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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ERIC M. MUCHIRI
ERIC M. MUCHIRI
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Biomedical Science and Technology Programme, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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JOHN H. OUMA
JOHN H. OUMA
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Biomedical Science and Technology Programme, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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CHRISTOPHER C. WHALEN
CHRISTOPHER C. WHALEN
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Biomedical Science and Technology Programme, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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CHARLES H. KING
CHARLES H. KING
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Biomedical Science and Technology Programme, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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Urinary schistosomiasis remains a significant burden for Africa and the Middle East. Success of regional control strategies will depend, in part, on what influence local environmental and behavioral factors have on individual risk for primary infection and/or reinfection. Based on experience in a multi-year (1984–1992), school-based Schistosoma haematobium control program in Coast Province, Kenya, we examined risk for infection outcomes as a function of age, sex, pretreatment morbidity, treatment regimen, water contact, and residence location, with the use of life tables and Cox proportional-hazards analysis. After adjustment, location of residence, age less than 12 years, pretreatment hematuria, and incomplete treatment were the significant independent predictors of infection, whereas sex and frequency of water contact were not. We conclude that local physical features and age-related factors play a predominant role in S. haematobium transmission in this setting. In large population-based control programs, treatment allocation strategies may need to be tailored to local conditions on a village-by-village basis.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ, 2005. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365 :1561–1569.
-
2
King CH, 2001. Disease in schistosomiasis haematobia. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 265–296.
-
3
WHO, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912 :2–5.
-
4
van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D, 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86 :125–139.
-
5
Chen MG, Mott KE, 1989. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Trop Dis Bull 86 :R1–R36.
-
6
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77 :41–51.
-
7
Warren KS, 1982. Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. I. Schistosomiasis. Rev Infect Dis 4 :715–726.
-
8
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1988. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. I. Metrifonate versus praziquantel in control of intensity and prevalence of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :295–305.
-
9
Hodder SL, Mahmoud AAF, Sorenson K, Weinert DM, Stein RL, Ouma JH, Koech D, King CH, 2000. Predisposition to urinary tract epithelial metaplasia in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :133–138.
-
10
Etard JF, Borel E, Segala C, 1990. Schistosoma haematobium infection in Mauritania: two years of follow-up after a targeted chemotherapy: a life-table approach of the risk of reinfection. Parasitology 100 :399–406.
-
11
Fulford AJ, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Thiongo FW, Klumpp R, Kloos H, Sturrock RF, Butterworth AE, 1996. Water contact observations in Kenyan communities endemic for schistosomiasis: methodology and patterns of behaviour. Parasitology 113 :223–241.
-
12
Amazigo UO, Anago-Amanze CI, Okeibunor JC, 1997. Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Nigeria: consequences of indigenous beliefs and water contact activities. J Biosoc Sci 29 :9–18.
-
13
Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, King CH, 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :127–134.
-
14
King CH, Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, 2000. Evidence against rapid emergence of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :585–594.
-
15
el Kholy H, Arap Siongok TK, Koech D, Sturrock RF, Houser H, King CH, Mahmoud AA, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :212–219.
-
16
Peters PAS, Mahmoud AAF, Warren KS, Ouma JH, Siongok TKA, 1976. Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. Bull World Health Organ 54 :159–162.
-
17
Warren KS, Mahmoud AAF, Muruka JF, Whittaker LR, Ouma JH, Arap Siongok TK, 1979. Schistosomiasis haematobia in Coast Province, Kenya. Relationship between egg output and morbidity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :864–870.
-
18
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. II. Metrifonate vs. praziquantel in control of infection-associated morbidity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 :587–595.
-
19
Pocock SJ, 1983. Clinical Trials, A Practical Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
-
20
Utzinger J, Bergquist R, Xiao SH, Singer BH, Tanner M, 2003. Sustainable schistosomiasis control: the way forward. Lancet 362 :1932–1934.
-
21
Savioli L, Engels D, Roungou JB, Fenwick A, Endo H, 2004. Schistosomiasis control. Lancet 363 :658.
-
22
King CH, 2001. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis: determinants of transmission of infection. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 115–132.
-
23
Klumpp RK, Webbe G, 1987. Focal, seasonal and behavioural patterns of infection and transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in a farming village at the Volta Lake, Ghana. J Trop Med Hyg 90 :265–281.
-
24
Sturrock RF, Kimani R, Cottrell BJ, Butterworth AE, Seitz HM, Siongok TK, Houba V, 1983. Observations on possible immunity to reinfection among Kenyan schoolchildren after treatment for Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 :363–371.
-
25
Hagan P, Blumenthal UJ, Chaudri M, Greenwood BM, Hayes RJ, Hodgson I, Kelly C, Knight M, Simpson AJ, Smithers SR, 1987. Resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium in Gambian children: analysis of their immune responses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :938–946.
-
26
Etard JF, Audibert M, Dabo A, 1995. Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :549–558.
-
27
Sturrock RF, Kinyanjui H, Thiongo FW, Tosha S, Ouma JH, King CH, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. 3.Snail studies monitoring the effect of chemotherapy on transmission in the Msambweni area, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :257–261.
-
28
Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady MS, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Ndzovu ST, Mungai P, Hoffman O, Hamburger J, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2004. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in the Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :449–456.
-
29
Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly-endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :443–448.
-
30
Asaolu SO, Ofoezie IE, 2003. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Trop 86 :283–294.
-
31
Gurarie D, King CH, 2005. Heterogeneous model of schistosomiasis transmission and long-term control: the combined influence of spatial variation and age-dependent factors on optimal allocation of drug therapy. Parasitology 130 :49–65.
-
32
Guyatt H, Brooker S, Lwambo NJ, Siza JE, Bundy DA, 1999. The performance of school-based questionnaires of reported blood in urine in diagnosing Schistosoma haematobium infection: patterns by age and sex. Trop Med Int Health 4 :751–757.
-
33
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80 :235–242.
-
34
Cioli D, 2000. Praziquantel: is there real resistance and are there alternatives? Curr Opin Infect Dis 13 :659–663.
-
35
Feldmeier H, Chitsulo L, 1999. Therapeutic and operational profiles of metrifonate and praziquantel in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Arzneimittelforschung 49 :557–565.
-
36
Talaat M, Omar M, Evans D, 1999. Developing strategies to control schistosomiasis morbidity in nonenrolled school-age children: experience from Egypt. Trop Med Int Health 4 :551–556.
-
37
Warren KS, Arap Siongok TK, Hauser HB, Ouma JH, Peters PAS, 1978. Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. I. Minimal number of daily egg counts in urine necessary to establish intensity of infection. J Infect Dis 138 :849–855.
-
38
Savioli S, Hatz C, Dixon H, Kisumku UM, Mott KE, 1990. Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba Island: egg excretion and hematuria as indicators of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :289–295.
-
39
Miguel E, Kremer M, 2004. Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities. Econometrica 72 :159–217.
-
40
Ouma JH, King CH, Muchiri EM, Mungai P, Koech DK, Ireri E, Magak P, Kadzo H, 2005. Late benefits 10–18 years after drug therapy for infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Kwale District, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :359–364.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 315 | 99 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 63 | 22 | 0 |