Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Peterson AT, Vieglais DA, Andreasen JK, 2003. Migratory birds modeled as critical transport agents for West Nile virus in North America. Vector-Borne Zoo Dis 3 :27–37.
-
2
Eidson M, 2001. “Neon needles” in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :38–53.
-
3
Day DF, 2001. Predicting St. Louis encephalitis virus epidemics: lessons from recent, and not so recent, outbreaks. Annu Rev Entomol 46 :111–138.
-
4
Castillo-Olivares J, Wood J, 2004. West Nile virus infection of horses. Vet Res 35 :467–483.
-
5
O’Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States. Vector-Borne Zoo Dis 1 :61–70.
-
6
Weese JS, Baird JD, Delay J, Kenney DG, Staempfli HR, Viel L, Parent J, Smith-Maxie L, Poma R, 2003. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses in Ontario: 28 cases. Can Vet J 44 :469–473.
-
7
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Inf Dis 9 :853–856.
-
8
Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DWC, Coffey L, Carrara A-S, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, Weaver SC, 2003. West Nile Virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Inf Dis 9 :1604–1607.
-
9
Ostlund NE, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, Johnson DJ, Williams WO, Schmitt BJ, 2001. Equine West Nile Encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :665–669.
-
10
Hathaway D, Jennen C, Jennings N, Ng T, Chiang Y-W, Chu H-J, Chang G-J, 2004. Serum antibody responses in horses vaccinated with West Nile virus vaccines. Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, November 14–16.
-
11
Ward MP, Carpenter TE, 2000. Techniques for analysis of disease clustering in space and in time in veterinary epidemiology. Prev Vet Med 45 :257–284.
-
12
Analytical Software, 2000. Statistix Version 7. Tallahassee, FL: Analytical Software.
-
13
Anselin L, 1995. Local indicators of spatial association–LISA. Geograph Analysis 27 :93–115.
-
14
Microsoft Corp., 2003. Microsoft Office Excel. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corp.
-
15
TerraSeer, 2004. Space-Time Intelligence System–STIS, version 1.06. Ann Arbor, MI: TerraSeer.
-
16
Simes RJ, 1986. An improved Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika 73 :751–754.
-
17
Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2004. ArcMap Version 9.0. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
-
18
Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2004. Spatial Analyst. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
-
19
Pannatier Y, 1995. VarioWin Version 2.2. Lausanne, Switzerland: University of Lausanne.
-
20
Kulasekera VL, Kramer L, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :722–725.
-
21
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector-Borne Zoo Dis 4 :71–82.
-
22
Kuntz KJ, Olson JK, Rade BJ, 1982. Role of domestic animals as hosts for blood-seeking females of Psorophora columbiae and other mosquito species in Texas ricelands. Mosq News 42 :202–210.
-
23
Reisen W, Lothrop H, Chiles R, Madon M, Cossen C, Woods L, Husted S, Kramer V, Edman J, 2004. West Nile virus in California. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1369–1378.
-
24
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42 :57–62.
-
25
Bradford CM, Nascarella MA, Burns TH, Montford JR, Marsland EJ, Pepper CB, Presley SM, 2005. First report of West Nile virus in mosquitoes from Lubbock, Texas. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21 :102–105.
-
26
Salazar P, Traub-Dargatz JL, Morley PS, Wilmot DD, Steffen DJ, Cunningham WE, Salman MD, 2004. Outcome of equids with clinical signs of West Nile virus infection and factors associated with death. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 :267–274.
-
27
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
28
Rappole JH, Hubalek Z, 2003. Migratory birds and West Nile virus. J Appl Microbiol 94 (Suppl):47S–58S.
-
29
Cromley EK, McLafferty SL, 2002. Spatial databases for public health. GIS and Public Health. New York: Guilford Press, 77–81.
-
30
Ward MP, Ramsay BH, Gallo K, 2005. An association between rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index. Vector Borne Zoo Dis 5 :181–188.
-
31
Shaman J, Day JF, 2005. Achieving operational hydrologic monitoring of mosquitoborne disease. Emerg Inf Dis 11 :1343–1350.
-
32
Ward MP, Schuermann JA, 2005. Spatiotemporal relationship between human and equine cases of WNV disease in Texas. Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the International Conference on Diseases in Nature Transmissible to Man, Calgary, Canada, August 7–9.
-
33
Ward MP, Levy M, Thacker HL, Ash M, Norman SKL, Moore GE, Webb PW, 2004. An outbreak of West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in a population of Indiana horses: 136 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 :84–89.
-
34
Mellor PS, Leake CJ, 2000. Climatic and geographic influences on arboviral infections and vectors. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 19 :41–54.
-
35
Epstein PR, 2001. West Nile and the climate. J Urban Health 78 :367–371.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 213 | 76 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 41 | 18 | 0 |
SPREAD OF EQUINE WEST NILE VIRUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS DURING THE 2002 TEXAS EPIDEMIC
MICHAEL P. WARD
MICHAEL P. WARD
Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Using reports of clinical West Nile virus (WNV) encephalomyelitis in Texas equids during 2002, the distribution of disease was analyzed using cluster statistics and spatial modeling to develop hypotheses of disease spread during the first year of its detection. Significant (P < 0.05) clusters of cases reported early during the outbreak were identified in east, northcentral, and north Texas, and significant (P < 0.05) clusters late during the outbreak were detected in central, south, and west Texas. Two counties on the south Texas coast first reported disease significantly (P < 0.05) earlier than their 10 nearest neighboring counties. The estimated incidence of disease was greatest in the high plains of north Texas and in northcentral Texas. Higher rates were also estimated in eastern and southern areas of the Gulf Coast. The spatial and temporal distribution observed indicates that the equine WNV epidemic began in two parts of Texas and spread elsewhere throughout the state. The mechanism of introduction and spread remains speculative.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Peterson AT, Vieglais DA, Andreasen JK, 2003. Migratory birds modeled as critical transport agents for West Nile virus in North America. Vector-Borne Zoo Dis 3 :27–37.
-
2
Eidson M, 2001. “Neon needles” in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :38–53.
-
3
Day DF, 2001. Predicting St. Louis encephalitis virus epidemics: lessons from recent, and not so recent, outbreaks. Annu Rev Entomol 46 :111–138.
-
4
Castillo-Olivares J, Wood J, 2004. West Nile virus infection of horses. Vet Res 35 :467–483.
-
5
O’Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States. Vector-Borne Zoo Dis 1 :61–70.
-
6
Weese JS, Baird JD, Delay J, Kenney DG, Staempfli HR, Viel L, Parent J, Smith-Maxie L, Poma R, 2003. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses in Ontario: 28 cases. Can Vet J 44 :469–473.
-
7
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Inf Dis 9 :853–856.
-
8
Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DWC, Coffey L, Carrara A-S, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, Weaver SC, 2003. West Nile Virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Inf Dis 9 :1604–1607.
-
9
Ostlund NE, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, Johnson DJ, Williams WO, Schmitt BJ, 2001. Equine West Nile Encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :665–669.
-
10
Hathaway D, Jennen C, Jennings N, Ng T, Chiang Y-W, Chu H-J, Chang G-J, 2004. Serum antibody responses in horses vaccinated with West Nile virus vaccines. Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, November 14–16.
-
11
Ward MP, Carpenter TE, 2000. Techniques for analysis of disease clustering in space and in time in veterinary epidemiology. Prev Vet Med 45 :257–284.
-
12
Analytical Software, 2000. Statistix Version 7. Tallahassee, FL: Analytical Software.
-
13
Anselin L, 1995. Local indicators of spatial association–LISA. Geograph Analysis 27 :93–115.
-
14
Microsoft Corp., 2003. Microsoft Office Excel. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corp.
-
15
TerraSeer, 2004. Space-Time Intelligence System–STIS, version 1.06. Ann Arbor, MI: TerraSeer.
-
16
Simes RJ, 1986. An improved Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika 73 :751–754.
-
17
Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2004. ArcMap Version 9.0. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
-
18
Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2004. Spatial Analyst. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
-
19
Pannatier Y, 1995. VarioWin Version 2.2. Lausanne, Switzerland: University of Lausanne.
-
20
Kulasekera VL, Kramer L, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :722–725.
-
21
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector-Borne Zoo Dis 4 :71–82.
-
22
Kuntz KJ, Olson JK, Rade BJ, 1982. Role of domestic animals as hosts for blood-seeking females of Psorophora columbiae and other mosquito species in Texas ricelands. Mosq News 42 :202–210.
-
23
Reisen W, Lothrop H, Chiles R, Madon M, Cossen C, Woods L, Husted S, Kramer V, Edman J, 2004. West Nile virus in California. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1369–1378.
-
24
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42 :57–62.
-
25
Bradford CM, Nascarella MA, Burns TH, Montford JR, Marsland EJ, Pepper CB, Presley SM, 2005. First report of West Nile virus in mosquitoes from Lubbock, Texas. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21 :102–105.
-
26
Salazar P, Traub-Dargatz JL, Morley PS, Wilmot DD, Steffen DJ, Cunningham WE, Salman MD, 2004. Outcome of equids with clinical signs of West Nile virus infection and factors associated with death. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 :267–274.
-
27
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
28
Rappole JH, Hubalek Z, 2003. Migratory birds and West Nile virus. J Appl Microbiol 94 (Suppl):47S–58S.
-
29
Cromley EK, McLafferty SL, 2002. Spatial databases for public health. GIS and Public Health. New York: Guilford Press, 77–81.
-
30
Ward MP, Ramsay BH, Gallo K, 2005. An association between rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index. Vector Borne Zoo Dis 5 :181–188.
-
31
Shaman J, Day JF, 2005. Achieving operational hydrologic monitoring of mosquitoborne disease. Emerg Inf Dis 11 :1343–1350.
-
32
Ward MP, Schuermann JA, 2005. Spatiotemporal relationship between human and equine cases of WNV disease in Texas. Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the International Conference on Diseases in Nature Transmissible to Man, Calgary, Canada, August 7–9.
-
33
Ward MP, Levy M, Thacker HL, Ash M, Norman SKL, Moore GE, Webb PW, 2004. An outbreak of West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in a population of Indiana horses: 136 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 :84–89.
-
34
Mellor PS, Leake CJ, 2000. Climatic and geographic influences on arboviral infections and vectors. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 19 :41–54.
-
35
Epstein PR, 2001. West Nile and the climate. J Urban Health 78 :367–371.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 213 | 76 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 41 | 18 | 0 |