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-
1
Rashid SF, 2000. The urban poor in Dhaka City: their struggles and coping strategies during the floods of 1998. Disasters 24 :240–253.
-
2
Kondo H, Seo N, Yasuda T, Hasizume M, Koido Y, Ninomiya N, Yamamoto Y, 2002. Post-flood epidemics of infectious disease in Mozambique. Prehosp Disast Med 17 :126–133.
-
3
Aghababian RV, Teuscher J, 1992. Infectious disease following major disasters. Ann Emerg Med 21 :362–367.
-
4
Kunii O, Nakamura S, Abdur R, Wakai S, 2002. The impact on health and risk factors of the diarrhoea epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods. Public Health 116 :68–74.
-
6
Siddique AK, Baqui AH, Eusof A, Zaman K, 1991. 1998 Floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9 :310–314.
-
7
Siddique AK, Islam Q, Akram K, Mazumder Y, Mitra A, Eusof A, 1989. Cholera epidemic and natural disasters; where is the link. Trop Geogr Med 41 :377–382.
-
8
Tanabe K, Nakamura S, Kunii O, 1999. Bacteriological survey of diarrheal epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods. J Jap Assoc Infect Dis 73 :918–922.
-
9
Qadri F, Khan AI, Faruque ASG, Begum Y, Chowdury F, Nair GB, Salam MA, Sack DA, Svennerholm A, 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli together with V. cholerae O1 was a major cause of acute watery diarrhea during the epidemic caused by flooding in Dhaka, Bangladesh during the summer of 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1104–1107.
-
10
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2004. World population prospects: the 2004 revision and world urbanization prospects: the 2003 revision. Available at http://esa.un.org/unpp. Last accessed June 1, 2005.
-
11
Stoll B, Glass R, Huq MI, Khan MU, Holt J, Banu H, 1982. Surveillance of patients attending a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh. BMJ 285 :1185–1188.
-
12
Unicomb LE, Kilgore PE, Faruque SG, Hamadani JD, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Glass RI, 1997. Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea and estimates of disease burden in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 :947–951.
-
13
Flood Forecasting Watch Center Bangladesh. Water levels and hydrographs for 1988, 1998, 2004. Available at www.ffwc.net. Last accessed June 1, 2005.
-
14
Sack RB, Siddique AK, Longini IM Jr, Nizam A, Yunus M, Islam MS, Morris JG Jr, Ali A, Huq A, Nair GB, Qadri F, Faruque SM, Sack DA, Colwell RR, 2003. A 4-year study of the epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in four rural areas of Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 187 :96–101.
-
15
Koelle K, Rodo X, Pascal M, Yunus M, Mostafa G, 2005. Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics. Nature 436 :696–700.
-
16
Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A, Morris JG Jr, Khan MN, Siddique AK, Yunus M, Albert MJ, Sack DA, Colwell RR, 2005. Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh Appl Environ Microbiol 71 :4645–4654.
-
17
Faruque SM, Islam MJ, Ahmad QS, Faruque AS, Sack DA, Nair GB, Mekalanos JJ, 2005. Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 6119–6124.
-
18
Faruque SM, Naser IB, Islam MJ, Faruque AS, Ghosh AN, Nair GB, Sack DA, Mekalanos JJ, 2005. Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 :1702–1707.
-
19
Public Health Impact of Rwandan Refugee Crisis, 1995. What happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Goma Epidemiology Group. Lancet 345 :339–344.
-
20
Siddique AK, Salam A, Islam MS, Akram K, Majumdar RN, Zaman K, Fronczak N, Laston S, 1995. Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire. Lancet 345 :359–361.
-
21
Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, Calderwood SB, Schoolnik GK, Camilli A, 2002. Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium. Nature 417 :642–645.
-
22
Alam A, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Vanderspurt C, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, 2005. Hyperinfectivity of human-passaged Vibrio cholerae can be modeled by growth in the infant mouse. Infect Immunol 73 :6674–6679.
-
23
Hartley DM, Morris JG, Smith DL, 2006. Hyperinfectivity: a critical element in the ability of V. cholerae to cause epidemics? PLoS Med 3 :63–68.
-
24
Calain P, Chaine JP, Johnson E, Hawley ML, O’Leary MJ, Oshitani H, Chaignat CL, 2004. Can oral cholera vaccination play a role in controlling a cholera outbreak? Vaccine 22 :2444–2451.
-
25
Lucas M, Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Wang XY, Ampuero J, Puri M, Ali M, Ansaruzzman M, Amos J, Macuamule A, Cavailler P, Guerin PJ, Mahoudeau C, Kahozi-Sangwa P, Chaignat CL, Barreto A, Songane FF, Clemens JD, 2005. Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique. N Engl J Med 352 :757–767.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 45 | 45 | 9 |
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| PDF Downloads | 273 | 81 | 2 |
DIARRHEAL EPIDEMICS IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH, DURING THREE CONSECUTIVE FLOODS: 1988, 1998, AND 2004
BRIAN S. SCHWARTZ
BRIAN S. SCHWARTZ
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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JASON B. HARRIS
JASON B. HARRIS
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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ASHRAFUL I. KHAN
ASHRAFUL I. KHAN
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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REGINA C. LAROCQUE
REGINA C. LAROCQUE
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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DAVID A. SACK
DAVID A. SACK
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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MOHAMMAD A. MALEK
MOHAMMAD A. MALEK
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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ABU S.G. FARUQUE
ABU S.G. FARUQUE
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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FIRDAUSI QADRI
FIRDAUSI QADRI
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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STEPHEN B. CALDERWOOD
STEPHEN B. CALDERWOOD
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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STEPHEN P. LUBY
STEPHEN P. LUBY
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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EDWARD T. RYAN
EDWARD T. RYAN
Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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We examined demographic, microbiologic, and clinical data from patients presenting during 1988, 1998, and 2004 flood-associated diarrheal epidemics at a diarrhea treatment hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Compared with non-flood periods, individuals presenting during flood-associated epidemics were older, more severely dehydrated, and of lower socioeconomic status. During flood-associated epidemics, Vibrio cholerae was the most commonly identified cause of diarrhea, and the only diarrheal pathogen whose incidence proportionally increased in each epidemic compared with seasonally matched periods. Rotavirus was the second most frequently identified flood-associated pathogen, although the proportion of cases caused by rotavirus infection decreased during floods compared with matched periods. Other causes of diarrhea did not proportionally change, although more patients per day presented with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella species–associated diarrhea during floods compared with matched periods. Our findings suggest that cholera is the predominant cause of flood-associated diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, but that other organisms spread by the fecal-oral route also contribute.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Rashid SF, 2000. The urban poor in Dhaka City: their struggles and coping strategies during the floods of 1998. Disasters 24 :240–253.
-
2
Kondo H, Seo N, Yasuda T, Hasizume M, Koido Y, Ninomiya N, Yamamoto Y, 2002. Post-flood epidemics of infectious disease in Mozambique. Prehosp Disast Med 17 :126–133.
-
3
Aghababian RV, Teuscher J, 1992. Infectious disease following major disasters. Ann Emerg Med 21 :362–367.
-
4
Kunii O, Nakamura S, Abdur R, Wakai S, 2002. The impact on health and risk factors of the diarrhoea epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods. Public Health 116 :68–74.
-
6
Siddique AK, Baqui AH, Eusof A, Zaman K, 1991. 1998 Floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9 :310–314.
-
7
Siddique AK, Islam Q, Akram K, Mazumder Y, Mitra A, Eusof A, 1989. Cholera epidemic and natural disasters; where is the link. Trop Geogr Med 41 :377–382.
-
8
Tanabe K, Nakamura S, Kunii O, 1999. Bacteriological survey of diarrheal epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods. J Jap Assoc Infect Dis 73 :918–922.
-
9
Qadri F, Khan AI, Faruque ASG, Begum Y, Chowdury F, Nair GB, Salam MA, Sack DA, Svennerholm A, 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli together with V. cholerae O1 was a major cause of acute watery diarrhea during the epidemic caused by flooding in Dhaka, Bangladesh during the summer of 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1104–1107.
-
10
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2004. World population prospects: the 2004 revision and world urbanization prospects: the 2003 revision. Available at http://esa.un.org/unpp. Last accessed June 1, 2005.
-
11
Stoll B, Glass R, Huq MI, Khan MU, Holt J, Banu H, 1982. Surveillance of patients attending a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh. BMJ 285 :1185–1188.
-
12
Unicomb LE, Kilgore PE, Faruque SG, Hamadani JD, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Glass RI, 1997. Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea and estimates of disease burden in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 :947–951.
-
13
Flood Forecasting Watch Center Bangladesh. Water levels and hydrographs for 1988, 1998, 2004. Available at www.ffwc.net. Last accessed June 1, 2005.
-
14
Sack RB, Siddique AK, Longini IM Jr, Nizam A, Yunus M, Islam MS, Morris JG Jr, Ali A, Huq A, Nair GB, Qadri F, Faruque SM, Sack DA, Colwell RR, 2003. A 4-year study of the epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in four rural areas of Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 187 :96–101.
-
15
Koelle K, Rodo X, Pascal M, Yunus M, Mostafa G, 2005. Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics. Nature 436 :696–700.
-
16
Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A, Morris JG Jr, Khan MN, Siddique AK, Yunus M, Albert MJ, Sack DA, Colwell RR, 2005. Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh Appl Environ Microbiol 71 :4645–4654.
-
17
Faruque SM, Islam MJ, Ahmad QS, Faruque AS, Sack DA, Nair GB, Mekalanos JJ, 2005. Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 6119–6124.
-
18
Faruque SM, Naser IB, Islam MJ, Faruque AS, Ghosh AN, Nair GB, Sack DA, Mekalanos JJ, 2005. Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 :1702–1707.
-
19
Public Health Impact of Rwandan Refugee Crisis, 1995. What happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Goma Epidemiology Group. Lancet 345 :339–344.
-
20
Siddique AK, Salam A, Islam MS, Akram K, Majumdar RN, Zaman K, Fronczak N, Laston S, 1995. Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire. Lancet 345 :359–361.
-
21
Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, Calderwood SB, Schoolnik GK, Camilli A, 2002. Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium. Nature 417 :642–645.
-
22
Alam A, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Vanderspurt C, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, 2005. Hyperinfectivity of human-passaged Vibrio cholerae can be modeled by growth in the infant mouse. Infect Immunol 73 :6674–6679.
-
23
Hartley DM, Morris JG, Smith DL, 2006. Hyperinfectivity: a critical element in the ability of V. cholerae to cause epidemics? PLoS Med 3 :63–68.
-
24
Calain P, Chaine JP, Johnson E, Hawley ML, O’Leary MJ, Oshitani H, Chaignat CL, 2004. Can oral cholera vaccination play a role in controlling a cholera outbreak? Vaccine 22 :2444–2451.
-
25
Lucas M, Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Wang XY, Ampuero J, Puri M, Ali M, Ansaruzzman M, Amos J, Macuamule A, Cavailler P, Guerin PJ, Mahoudeau C, Kahozi-Sangwa P, Chaignat CL, Barreto A, Songane FF, Clemens JD, 2005. Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique. N Engl J Med 352 :757–767.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 45 | 45 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 752 | 212 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 273 | 81 | 2 |