Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Spielman A, Levi HW, 1970. Probable envenomation by Chiracanthium mildei; a spider found in houses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :729–732.
-
2
Maretic Z, 1962. Chiracanthium punctorium Villers – eine europäische Giftspinne. Med Klin 37 :1576–1577.
-
3
Newlands G, Martindale CB, Berson SD, Rippey JJ, 1980. Cutaneous necrosis caused by the bite of Chiracanthium spiders. S Afr Med J 57 :171–173.
-
4
Newlands G, Atkinson P, 1988. Review of southern African spiders of medical importance, with notes on the signs and symptoms of envenomation. S Afr Med J 73 :235–239.
-
5
Newlands G, Atkinson P, 1990. Behavioural and epidemiological considerations pertaining to necrotic araneism in southern Africa. S Afr Med J 77 :92–95.
-
6
Matthews PA, 1994. When is a boil, not a boil?: a study of arachnid envenomations in humans in South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract 15 :440–449.
-
7
Wong RC, Hughes SE, Voorhees JJ, 1987. Spider bites. Arch Dermatol 123 :98–104.
-
8
Koh WL, 1998. When to worry about spider bites: inaccurate diagnosis can have serious, even fatal, consequences. Postgrad Med 103 :235–236, 243, 250.
-
9
Sams HH, Dunnick CA, Smith ML, King LE Jr, 2001. Necrotic arachnidism. J Am Acad Dermatol 44 :561–573.
-
10
Hahn I, Lewin NA, 2002. Arthropods. Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman R, Nelson L, eds. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1573–1588.
-
11
Clark RF, Schneir AB, 2003. Arthropod Bites and Stings. Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, eds. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1190–1200.
-
12
Durrheim D, Barnett FI, 2004. Necrotic arachnidism: dispelling fact with fiction. Lancet 364 :2018–2019.
-
13
Isbister GK, 2004. Necrotic arachnidism: the myth of a modern plague. Lancet 364 :549–553.
-
14
Vetter RS, 2004. Myths about spider envenomations and necrotic skin lesions. Lancet 364 :484–485.
-
15
Ribeiro LA, Jorge MT, Piesco RV, Nishioka SD, 1990. Wolf spider bites in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a clinical and epidemiological study of 515 cases. Toxicon 28 :715–717.
-
16
Isbister GK, Framenau VW, 2004. Australian wolf spider bites (Lycosidae): clinical effects and influence of species on bite circumstances. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 :153–161.
-
17
Isbister GK, Gray MR, 2003. White-tail spider bite: a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species. Med J Aust 179 :199–202.
-
18
Isbister GK, Gray MR, 2004. Black house spiders are unlikely culprits in necrotic arachnidism: a prospective study. Intern Med J 34 :287–289.
-
19
Binford GJ, 2001. An analysis of geographic and intersexual chemical variation in venoms of the spider Tegenaria agrestis (Agelenidae). Toxicon 39 :955–968.
-
20
Vetter RS, Isbister GK, 2004. Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries? Ann Emerg Med 44 :605–607.
-
21
da Silva PH, da Silveira RB, Appel MH, Mangili OC, Gremski W, Veiga SS, 2004. Brown spiders and loxoscelism. Toxicon 44 :693–709.
-
22
Sutherland SK, Tibballs J, 2001. Australian Animal Toxins. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
-
23
Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Gray MG, Raven RJ, 2003. Bites by spiders of the family Theraphosidae in humans and canines. Toxicon 41 :519–524.
-
24
Newlands G, Martindale CB, 1981. Wandering spider bite – much ado about nothing. S Afr Med J 60 :142.
-
25
Foradori MJ, Smith SC, Smith E, Wells RE, 2005. Survey for potentially necrotizing spider venoms, with special emphasis on Cheiracanthium mildei. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 141 :32–39.
-
26
Platnick NI, 2005. Miturgidae. The World Spider Catalog. Version 6.0. [Cited 2005 Nov 29]. Available from http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/MITURGIDAE
-
27
Stingeni L, Giorgi M, Principato M, 1998. Aracnidismo da Chiracanthium punctorium (Aranea: Clubionidae): descrizione di un caso. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Speriment 52 :79–81.
-
28
Isbister GK, 2002. Data collection in clinical toxicology: debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms. Clin Toxicol 40 :231–237.
-
29
Isbister GK, Gray MR, 2002. A prospective study of 750 definite spider bites with expert identification. QJM 93 :723–731.
-
30
Furman DP, Reeves WC, 1957. Toxic bite of a spider, Chiracanthium inclusum Hentz. Calif Med 87 :114.
-
31
Gorham JR, Rheney TB, 1968. Envenomation by the spiders Chiracanthium inclusum and Argiope aurantia. JAMA 206 :1959–1962.
-
32
Leech R, Brown TM, 1994. The first Alberta record for Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Araneae: Clubionidae), with observations on a human bite reaction. Can Entomol 126 :187.
-
33
Ori M, 1984. Biology of and poisonings by spiders. Tu AT, ed. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Volume 2. Insect Poisons, Allergans and Other Invertebrate Venoms. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 397–440.
-
34
Minton SA, 1972. Poisonous spiders of Indiana and a report of a bite of Chiracanthium mildei. J Indiana St Med Assoc 65 :425–426.
-
35
Allred D, 1980. A Chiracanthium spider bite. Great Basin Natur 40 :116.
-
36
Krinsky WL, 1987. Envenomation by the sac spider Chiracanthium mildei. Cutis 40 :127–129.
-
37
Anonymous, 1950. Toxic reaction to spider bite. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 14 :19–20.
-
38
Anonymous, 1953. Cheiracanthium sp. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 15 :18.
-
39
Anonymous, 1959. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 17 :17.
-
40
Anonymous, 1963. Cheiracanthium diversum. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 18 :196.
-
41
Forel A, 1876. Une araignée venimeuse (Chiracanthium nutrix, Walk.) dans le canton de vaud. Bull Soc Vaud Sci Nat 14 :30–32.
-
42
Bertkau P, 1891. Über das Vorkommen einer Giftspinne in Deutschland. Verhand Naturhist Vereines preuss Rheinlande. Westfalens Reg Bezirke Osnabrück 48 :89–93.
-
43
Spasskii SA, 1957. Bite of the spider Chiracanthium punctorium Villers. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 26 :73–74.
-
44
De Haro L, David JM, Arditti J, Jouglard J, 1997. Trois observations originales d’aranéisme dans le Sud de la France. Reanim Soins Intensifs Med D’Urgence 13 :190–192.
-
45
Anonymous, 1952. Chiracanthium sp. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 14 :345.
-
46
Anonymous, 1954. Cheiracanthium sp. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 15 :282.
-
47
Anonymous, 1955. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 15 :383.
-
48
Anonymous, 1957. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 16 :183.
-
49
Anonymous, 1957. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 16 :187.
-
50
Anonymous, 1962. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 18 :16.
-
51
Maretic Z, 1974. The medical importance of the bite of Chiracanthium punctorium Villers. Proceedings of the Sixth International Arachnology Congress, 183–186.
-
52
O’Donnell M, 1983. A review of records of spider bites on humans in New Zealand including some previously unpublished records. Weta 6 :72–74.
-
53
Principato M, Polidori GA, Uberitini S, 1994. Chiracanthium punctorium Villers (Araneae: Clubionidae): first note in Umbria on four cases of human envenomation. Parassitologia 36 (Suppl 1):120.
-
54
Russell FE, 2001. Toxic effects of terrestrial animal venoms and poisons. Klaassen CD, ed. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. Sixth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 945–964.
-
55
Waldron WG, 1965. Observations on spider bites in southern California. Calif Vector Views 12 :66–67.
-
56
Ori M, 1975. Observations on bites of Chiracanthium japonicum Bös. Et Str. (Araneae: Clubionidae) in Japan. Acta Arachnol 26 :64–68.
-
57
Owri M, 1978. Envenomation of Chiracanthium japonicum and the properties of the spider venom. Jap J Med Sci Biol 31 :200–203.
-
58
Vetter RS, Bush SP, 2002. The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology. Ann Emerg Med 39 :544–546.
-
59
Vetter RS, Cushing PE, Crawford RL, Royce LA, 2003. Diagnoses of brown recluse spider bites (loxoscelism) greatly outnumber actual verifications of the spider in four western American states. Toxicon 42 :413–418.
-
60
Swanson DL, Vetter RS, 2005. Bites by brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. New Eng J Med 352 :700–707.
-
61
Vetter RS, Bush SP, 2002. Reports of presumptive brown recluse spider bites reinforce improbable diagnosis in regions of North America where the spider is not endemic. Clin Infect Dis 35 :442–445.
-
62
Dominguez TJ, 2004. It’s not a spider bite, it’s community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract 17 :220–226.
-
63
Norden PS, Phillips TJ, 2005. Brown recluse spider bite: a rare cause of necrotic wounds. Wounds 17 :304–312.
-
64
Vetter RS, Pagac BB, Reiland RW, Bolesh DT, Swanson DL, 2006. Skin lesions in barracks: consider community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection instead of spider bites. Mil Med (in press).
-
65
Isbister GK, Whyte IM, 2004. Suspected white-tail spider bite and necrotic ulcers. Intern Med J 34 :38–44.
-
66
White J, 2003. Debunking spider bite myths. Med J Aust 179 :180–181.
-
67
Cameron HD, 2005. An etymological dictionary of North American spider genus names. Ubick D, Paquin P, Cushing PE, Roth VD eds. Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society, 274–330.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5337 | 4436 | 55 |
| Full Text Views | 1462 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 865 | 17 | 0 |
VERIFIED BITES BY YELLOW SAC SPIDERS (GENUS CHEIRACANTHIUM) IN THE UNITED STATES AND AUSTRALIA: WHERE IS THE NECROSIS?
RICHARD S. VETTER
RICHARD S. VETTER
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California; Biology Division, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California; Tropical Toxinology Unit, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Loma Linda, California; Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Royal Park, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
Search for other papers by RICHARD S. VETTER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by RICHARD S. VETTER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
GEOFFREY K. ISBISTER
GEOFFREY K. ISBISTER
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California; Biology Division, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California; Tropical Toxinology Unit, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Loma Linda, California; Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Royal Park, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
Search for other papers by GEOFFREY K. ISBISTER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by GEOFFREY K. ISBISTER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
SEAN P. BUSH
SEAN P. BUSH
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California; Biology Division, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California; Tropical Toxinology Unit, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Loma Linda, California; Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Royal Park, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
Search for other papers by SEAN P. BUSH in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by SEAN P. BUSH in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
LISA J. BOUTIN
LISA J. BOUTIN
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California; Biology Division, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California; Tropical Toxinology Unit, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Loma Linda, California; Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Royal Park, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
Search for other papers by LISA J. BOUTIN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by LISA J. BOUTIN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Spiders of the genus Cheiracanthium are frequently reported in review articles and medical references to be a definitive cause of dermonecrosis or necrotic arachnidism in humans. We provide 20 cases of verified bites by Cheiracanthium spiders from the United States and Australia, none with necrosis. A review of the international literature on 39 verified Cheiracanthium bites found only one case of mild necrosis in the European species C. punctorium. The basis for the suggestion that this spider genus causes dermonecrosis seems to be mostly inference from venom experiments in rabbits and guinea pigs, circumstantial spider involvement in human skin lesions, and repetitive citation of non-definitive reports in the medical literature. We discuss factors that lead to the erroneous elevation of virtually innocuous spiders to that of significant medical concern, which is a recurring problem in the medical community.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Spielman A, Levi HW, 1970. Probable envenomation by Chiracanthium mildei; a spider found in houses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :729–732.
-
2
Maretic Z, 1962. Chiracanthium punctorium Villers – eine europäische Giftspinne. Med Klin 37 :1576–1577.
-
3
Newlands G, Martindale CB, Berson SD, Rippey JJ, 1980. Cutaneous necrosis caused by the bite of Chiracanthium spiders. S Afr Med J 57 :171–173.
-
4
Newlands G, Atkinson P, 1988. Review of southern African spiders of medical importance, with notes on the signs and symptoms of envenomation. S Afr Med J 73 :235–239.
-
5
Newlands G, Atkinson P, 1990. Behavioural and epidemiological considerations pertaining to necrotic araneism in southern Africa. S Afr Med J 77 :92–95.
-
6
Matthews PA, 1994. When is a boil, not a boil?: a study of arachnid envenomations in humans in South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract 15 :440–449.
-
7
Wong RC, Hughes SE, Voorhees JJ, 1987. Spider bites. Arch Dermatol 123 :98–104.
-
8
Koh WL, 1998. When to worry about spider bites: inaccurate diagnosis can have serious, even fatal, consequences. Postgrad Med 103 :235–236, 243, 250.
-
9
Sams HH, Dunnick CA, Smith ML, King LE Jr, 2001. Necrotic arachnidism. J Am Acad Dermatol 44 :561–573.
-
10
Hahn I, Lewin NA, 2002. Arthropods. Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman R, Nelson L, eds. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1573–1588.
-
11
Clark RF, Schneir AB, 2003. Arthropod Bites and Stings. Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, eds. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1190–1200.
-
12
Durrheim D, Barnett FI, 2004. Necrotic arachnidism: dispelling fact with fiction. Lancet 364 :2018–2019.
-
13
Isbister GK, 2004. Necrotic arachnidism: the myth of a modern plague. Lancet 364 :549–553.
-
14
Vetter RS, 2004. Myths about spider envenomations and necrotic skin lesions. Lancet 364 :484–485.
-
15
Ribeiro LA, Jorge MT, Piesco RV, Nishioka SD, 1990. Wolf spider bites in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a clinical and epidemiological study of 515 cases. Toxicon 28 :715–717.
-
16
Isbister GK, Framenau VW, 2004. Australian wolf spider bites (Lycosidae): clinical effects and influence of species on bite circumstances. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 :153–161.
-
17
Isbister GK, Gray MR, 2003. White-tail spider bite: a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species. Med J Aust 179 :199–202.
-
18
Isbister GK, Gray MR, 2004. Black house spiders are unlikely culprits in necrotic arachnidism: a prospective study. Intern Med J 34 :287–289.
-
19
Binford GJ, 2001. An analysis of geographic and intersexual chemical variation in venoms of the spider Tegenaria agrestis (Agelenidae). Toxicon 39 :955–968.
-
20
Vetter RS, Isbister GK, 2004. Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries? Ann Emerg Med 44 :605–607.
-
21
da Silva PH, da Silveira RB, Appel MH, Mangili OC, Gremski W, Veiga SS, 2004. Brown spiders and loxoscelism. Toxicon 44 :693–709.
-
22
Sutherland SK, Tibballs J, 2001. Australian Animal Toxins. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
-
23
Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Gray MG, Raven RJ, 2003. Bites by spiders of the family Theraphosidae in humans and canines. Toxicon 41 :519–524.
-
24
Newlands G, Martindale CB, 1981. Wandering spider bite – much ado about nothing. S Afr Med J 60 :142.
-
25
Foradori MJ, Smith SC, Smith E, Wells RE, 2005. Survey for potentially necrotizing spider venoms, with special emphasis on Cheiracanthium mildei. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 141 :32–39.
-
26
Platnick NI, 2005. Miturgidae. The World Spider Catalog. Version 6.0. [Cited 2005 Nov 29]. Available from http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/MITURGIDAE
-
27
Stingeni L, Giorgi M, Principato M, 1998. Aracnidismo da Chiracanthium punctorium (Aranea: Clubionidae): descrizione di un caso. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Speriment 52 :79–81.
-
28
Isbister GK, 2002. Data collection in clinical toxicology: debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms. Clin Toxicol 40 :231–237.
-
29
Isbister GK, Gray MR, 2002. A prospective study of 750 definite spider bites with expert identification. QJM 93 :723–731.
-
30
Furman DP, Reeves WC, 1957. Toxic bite of a spider, Chiracanthium inclusum Hentz. Calif Med 87 :114.
-
31
Gorham JR, Rheney TB, 1968. Envenomation by the spiders Chiracanthium inclusum and Argiope aurantia. JAMA 206 :1959–1962.
-
32
Leech R, Brown TM, 1994. The first Alberta record for Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Araneae: Clubionidae), with observations on a human bite reaction. Can Entomol 126 :187.
-
33
Ori M, 1984. Biology of and poisonings by spiders. Tu AT, ed. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Volume 2. Insect Poisons, Allergans and Other Invertebrate Venoms. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 397–440.
-
34
Minton SA, 1972. Poisonous spiders of Indiana and a report of a bite of Chiracanthium mildei. J Indiana St Med Assoc 65 :425–426.
-
35
Allred D, 1980. A Chiracanthium spider bite. Great Basin Natur 40 :116.
-
36
Krinsky WL, 1987. Envenomation by the sac spider Chiracanthium mildei. Cutis 40 :127–129.
-
37
Anonymous, 1950. Toxic reaction to spider bite. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 14 :19–20.
-
38
Anonymous, 1953. Cheiracanthium sp. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 15 :18.
-
39
Anonymous, 1959. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 17 :17.
-
40
Anonymous, 1963. Cheiracanthium diversum. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 18 :196.
-
41
Forel A, 1876. Une araignée venimeuse (Chiracanthium nutrix, Walk.) dans le canton de vaud. Bull Soc Vaud Sci Nat 14 :30–32.
-
42
Bertkau P, 1891. Über das Vorkommen einer Giftspinne in Deutschland. Verhand Naturhist Vereines preuss Rheinlande. Westfalens Reg Bezirke Osnabrück 48 :89–93.
-
43
Spasskii SA, 1957. Bite of the spider Chiracanthium punctorium Villers. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 26 :73–74.
-
44
De Haro L, David JM, Arditti J, Jouglard J, 1997. Trois observations originales d’aranéisme dans le Sud de la France. Reanim Soins Intensifs Med D’Urgence 13 :190–192.
-
45
Anonymous, 1952. Chiracanthium sp. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 14 :345.
-
46
Anonymous, 1954. Cheiracanthium sp. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 15 :282.
-
47
Anonymous, 1955. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 15 :383.
-
48
Anonymous, 1957. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 16 :183.
-
49
Anonymous, 1957. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 16 :187.
-
50
Anonymous, 1962. Cheiracanthium diversum Koch. Proc Hawaiian Entomol Soc 18 :16.
-
51
Maretic Z, 1974. The medical importance of the bite of Chiracanthium punctorium Villers. Proceedings of the Sixth International Arachnology Congress, 183–186.
-
52
O’Donnell M, 1983. A review of records of spider bites on humans in New Zealand including some previously unpublished records. Weta 6 :72–74.
-
53
Principato M, Polidori GA, Uberitini S, 1994. Chiracanthium punctorium Villers (Araneae: Clubionidae): first note in Umbria on four cases of human envenomation. Parassitologia 36 (Suppl 1):120.
-
54
Russell FE, 2001. Toxic effects of terrestrial animal venoms and poisons. Klaassen CD, ed. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. Sixth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 945–964.
-
55
Waldron WG, 1965. Observations on spider bites in southern California. Calif Vector Views 12 :66–67.
-
56
Ori M, 1975. Observations on bites of Chiracanthium japonicum Bös. Et Str. (Araneae: Clubionidae) in Japan. Acta Arachnol 26 :64–68.
-
57
Owri M, 1978. Envenomation of Chiracanthium japonicum and the properties of the spider venom. Jap J Med Sci Biol 31 :200–203.
-
58
Vetter RS, Bush SP, 2002. The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology. Ann Emerg Med 39 :544–546.
-
59
Vetter RS, Cushing PE, Crawford RL, Royce LA, 2003. Diagnoses of brown recluse spider bites (loxoscelism) greatly outnumber actual verifications of the spider in four western American states. Toxicon 42 :413–418.
-
60
Swanson DL, Vetter RS, 2005. Bites by brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. New Eng J Med 352 :700–707.
-
61
Vetter RS, Bush SP, 2002. Reports of presumptive brown recluse spider bites reinforce improbable diagnosis in regions of North America where the spider is not endemic. Clin Infect Dis 35 :442–445.
-
62
Dominguez TJ, 2004. It’s not a spider bite, it’s community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract 17 :220–226.
-
63
Norden PS, Phillips TJ, 2005. Brown recluse spider bite: a rare cause of necrotic wounds. Wounds 17 :304–312.
-
64
Vetter RS, Pagac BB, Reiland RW, Bolesh DT, Swanson DL, 2006. Skin lesions in barracks: consider community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection instead of spider bites. Mil Med (in press).
-
65
Isbister GK, Whyte IM, 2004. Suspected white-tail spider bite and necrotic ulcers. Intern Med J 34 :38–44.
-
66
White J, 2003. Debunking spider bite myths. Med J Aust 179 :180–181.
-
67
Cameron HD, 2005. An etymological dictionary of North American spider genus names. Ubick D, Paquin P, Cushing PE, Roth VD eds. Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society, 274–330.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5337 | 4436 | 55 |
| Full Text Views | 1462 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 865 | 17 | 0 |