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Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O’Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344 :1807–1814.
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Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DW, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, Weaver SC, 2003. West Nile virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1604–1607.
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Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, Gubler DJ, Gonzalvez G, Pena CJ, Peterson AT, Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1299–1302.
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Komar O, Robbins MB, Contreras GG, Benz BW, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, Beckett S, Gonzalvez G, Pena CJ, Peterson AT, Komar N, 2005. West Nile virus survey of birds and mosquitoes in the Dominican Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :120–126.
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ANTIBODIES TO WEST NILE VIRUS IN ASYMPTOMATIC MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES IN THE YUCATAN PENINSULA OF MEXICO
JOSÉ A. FARFÁN-ALE
JOSÉ A. FARFÁN-ALE
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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BRADLEY J. BLITVICH
BRADLEY J. BLITVICH
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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NICOLE L. MARLENEE
NICOLE L. MARLENEE
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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MARÍA A. LOROÑO-PINO
MARÍA A. LOROÑO-PINO
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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FERNANDO PUERTO-MANZANO
FERNANDO PUERTO-MANZANO
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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JULIÁN E. GARCÍA-REJÓN
JULIÁN E. GARCÍA-REJÓN
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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ELSY P. ROSADO-PAREDES
ELSY P. ROSADO-PAREDES
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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LUIS F. FLORES-FLORES
LUIS F. FLORES-FLORES
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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ANDRES ORTEGA-SALAZAR
ANDRES ORTEGA-SALAZAR
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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JAIDY CHÁVEZ-MEDINA
JAIDY CHÁVEZ-MEDINA
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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JUAN C. CREMIEUX-GRIMALDI
JUAN C. CREMIEUX-GRIMALDI
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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FAVIÁN CORREA-MORALES
FAVIÁN CORREA-MORALES
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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GERSON HERNÁNDEZ-GAONA
GERSON HERNÁNDEZ-GAONA
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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JORGE F. MÉNDEZ-GALVÁN
JORGE F. MÉNDEZ-GALVÁN
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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BARRY J. BEATY
BARRY J. BEATY
Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Mexico
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Surveillance for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in taxonomically diverse vertebrates was conducted in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico in 2003 and 2004. Sera from 144 horses on Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo State, 415 vertebrates (257 birds, 52 mammals, and 106 reptiles) belonging to 61 species from the Merida Zoo, Yucatan State, and 7 farmed crocodiles in Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche State were assayed for antibodies to flaviviruses. Ninety (62%) horses on Cozumel Island had epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies to flaviviruses, of which 75 (52%) were seropositive for WNV by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Blocking ELISA antibodies to flaviviruses also were detected in 13 (3%) animals in the Merida Zoo, including 7 birds and 2 mammals (a jaguar and coyote) seropositive for WNV by PRNT. Six (86%) crocodiles in Campeche State had PRNT-confirmed WNV infections. All animals were healthy at the time of serum collections and none had a history of WNV-like illness.
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1
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
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2
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O’Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344 :1807–1814.
-
3
O’Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :61–70.
-
4
2003. West Nile virus activity–United States, November 20–25, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1160.
-
5
2004. West Nile virus activity–United States, November 9–16, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :1071–1072.
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6
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :853–856.
-
7
Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DW, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, Weaver SC, 2003. West Nile virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1604–1607.
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8
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