ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Strong RP, (Ed.) 1930. Onchocerciasis and keloid formation. The African Republic of Liberia and the Belgian Congo; Harvard African Expedition in 1926–1927. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 253–257.
-
2
Burch TA, Qualls DM, Greenville H, 1955. Onchocerciasis in Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 4 :923–929.
-
3
Miller MJ, Gunders AE, 1958. Studies on onchocerciasis in Liberia. Proc. Sixth Internat. Cong. Trop. Med. Malaria 2 :300–304.
-
4
Gunders AE, Neumann E, 1963. A controlled study of the ocular findings in Liberian subjects with microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus at the outer canthus of the eye. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 :761–766.
-
5
Neuman E, Gunders AE, 1963. Ocular lesions of onchocerciasis in Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 :573–588.
-
6
Frentzel-Beyme R, 1975. The geographic distribution of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Liberia. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 26 :70–87.
-
7
Vajime CG, Dunbar RW, 1975. Chromosomal identification of eight species of the subgenus Edwardsellum near and including Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae). Tropenmed. Parasitol. 26 :111–138.
-
8
Fryauff DJ, Trpis M, 1986. Identification of larval and adult Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli based on species-specific enzyme markers and their distribution at different breeding habitat in central Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35 :1218–1230.
-
9
Barbiero VK, Trpis M, 1984. Transmission of onchocerciasis by local black flies on the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 :586–594.
-
10
Barbiero VK, Trpis M, 1984. The prevalence of onchocerciasis on selected divisions of the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 :403–409.
-
11
Fryauff DJ, Trpis M, 1988. Population relationships of Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli in the Firestone Rubber Plantation at Harbel, Liberia. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2 :153–160.
-
12
Davis JR, Barbiero VK, Trpis M, 1992. Duration of larval development of Simulium yahense (Diptera: Simuliidae) under natural conditions. J. Med. Entomol. 29 :108–110.
-
13
Barbiero KV, Trpis M, 1986. The engorgement ratio of S. yahense (Diptera: Culicidae) at the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. J. Med. Entomol. 23 :309–312.
-
14
Davis JR, Wasserman S, Trpis M, 1994. Diurnal biting activity and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus (Filariata: Onchocercidae) by Simulium yahense (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Liberia. J. Med. Entomol. 31 :217–224.
-
15
Barbiero KV, 1982. Transmission dynamics of onchocerciasis on the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. Ph.D. thesis, The Johns Hopkins University.
-
16
Garms R, 1983. Studies of the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by species of the Simulium damnosum complex occurring in Liberia. Zeitschrift für angewandte Zoologie 70 :101–117.
-
17
Fryauff DJ, Trpis M, 1987. Quantitative studies of onchocerciasis transmission by Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli in the Firestone Rubber Plantation at Harbel, Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36 :561–572.
-
18
Boakye DA, 1993. A pictorial guide to the chromosomal identification of members of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex in West Africa with particular reference to the Onchocerciasis Control Programme Area. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 44 :223–244.
-
19
Boakye DA, Fiasorgbo GK, Bougsere BK, Naniogu S, 1999. The cytotaxonomy of Simulium sanctipauli sensu stricto (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Ghana and the Côte d’Ivoire. Bull. Entomol. Res. 89 :25–33.
-
20
Dung PT, Peterson BW, 1980. Pictorial keys to the main species and species groups within the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex occurring in West Africa (Diptera: Simuliidae). Tropenmed. Parasitol. 31 :117–120.
-
21
Garms R, Zillmann U, 1984. Morphological identification of Simulium sanctipauli and S. yahense in Liberia and comparison of results with those of enzyme electrophoresis. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 35 :217–220.
-
22
Quillévéré D, 1975. Etude du complexe Simulium damnosum en Afrique de l’Ouest I. Technique d’étude. Identification des cytotypes. Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 13 :85–98.
-
23
Meredith SEO, Cheke RA, Garms R, 1983. Variation and distribution of forms of Simulium soubrense and S. sansctipauli in West Africa. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 77 :627–640.
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24
Post RJ, 1986. The cytotaxonomy of Simulium sanctipauli and Simulium soubrense (Diptera: Simuliidae). Genetica 69 :191–207.
-
25
Quillévéré D, Pendriez B, 1975. Etude du complexe Simuliu damnosum en Afrique de l’Ouest II. Répartition géographique des cytotypes en Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie. 13 :165–172.
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26
Boakye DA, Post RJ, Mosha FW, Surtees DP, Baker RHA, 1993. Cytotaxonomic revision of the Simulium sanctipauli subcomplex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Guinea and the adjacent countries including descriptions of two new species. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83 :171–186.
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27
Garms R, 1987. Infection rates and parasitic loads of Onchocerca volvulus, and other filariae, in Simulium sanctipauli s.l. and S. yahense in a rain-forest area of Liberia. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38 :201–204.
-
28
Kashan A, Garms R, 1987. Cytotaxonomy of the Simulium sanctipauli sub-complex in Liberia. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38 :289–293.
-
29
Güzelhan C, Garms R, 1987. Cytotaxonomy of the Farmington form of Simulium soubrense in Liberia. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38 :354.
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30
Mayr E, 1970. Populations, Species, and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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CONSEQUENCES OF VECTOR BEHAVIOR IN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ONCHOCERCIASIS ON THE FIRESTONE RUBBER PLANTATION IN LIBERIA
MILAN TRPIS
MILAN TRPIS
The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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In the current study, we have assessed the distribution of black fly vectors and the occurrence of onchocerciasis among residents of the Firestone Rubber Plantation (FRP) in Liberia. The degree of endemicity of onchocerciasis on the FRP is correlated with the breeding of Simulium yahense on the Du River and Simulium soubrense on the Farmington River, as well as with the feeding behavior of these black fly vectors. S. yahense is highly anthropophilic and highly susceptible to Onchocerca volvulus, thus, it is apparently the primary vector of O. volvulus on the plantation. S. soubrense is predominantly zoophilic; consequently, it has a low capacity for transmitting of O. volvulus to humans. The prevalence of the disease is hyperendemic in the divisional camps near the Du River, affecting 77.6% to 94.4% of males and 64.9% to 88.9% of females. In the camps along the Farmington River, the disease is hypoendemic, affecting 26.1% to 49.2% of males and 25.6% to 35.1% of females. The mean intensity of infection in the camps near the Du River was 14.1 microfilariae (mf)/mg of skin in males and 13.7 mf/mg of skin in females. The density of microfilariae in people in the camps along the Farmington River was 4.8 mf/mg of skin in males and 1.9 mf/mg of skin in females. The age-specific infection in camps along both rivers substantially increased after the ages 21–30, reaching a maximum at ages 41–50. The mean density of mf/mg of skin in three anatomic locations (calf, hip, and shoulder) was 28.0, 24.5, and 14.1 mf/mg of skin, respectively, for those living on the Du River, and 10.2, 7.6, and 5.8 mf/mg of skin, respectively, for those on the Farmington River.
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Strong RP, (Ed.) 1930. Onchocerciasis and keloid formation. The African Republic of Liberia and the Belgian Congo; Harvard African Expedition in 1926–1927. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 253–257.
-
2
Burch TA, Qualls DM, Greenville H, 1955. Onchocerciasis in Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 4 :923–929.
-
3
Miller MJ, Gunders AE, 1958. Studies on onchocerciasis in Liberia. Proc. Sixth Internat. Cong. Trop. Med. Malaria 2 :300–304.
-
4
Gunders AE, Neumann E, 1963. A controlled study of the ocular findings in Liberian subjects with microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus at the outer canthus of the eye. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 :761–766.
-
5
Neuman E, Gunders AE, 1963. Ocular lesions of onchocerciasis in Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 :573–588.
-
6
Frentzel-Beyme R, 1975. The geographic distribution of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Liberia. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 26 :70–87.
-
7
Vajime CG, Dunbar RW, 1975. Chromosomal identification of eight species of the subgenus Edwardsellum near and including Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae). Tropenmed. Parasitol. 26 :111–138.
-
8
Fryauff DJ, Trpis M, 1986. Identification of larval and adult Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli based on species-specific enzyme markers and their distribution at different breeding habitat in central Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35 :1218–1230.
-
9
Barbiero VK, Trpis M, 1984. Transmission of onchocerciasis by local black flies on the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 :586–594.
-
10
Barbiero VK, Trpis M, 1984. The prevalence of onchocerciasis on selected divisions of the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 :403–409.
-
11
Fryauff DJ, Trpis M, 1988. Population relationships of Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli in the Firestone Rubber Plantation at Harbel, Liberia. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2 :153–160.
-
12
Davis JR, Barbiero VK, Trpis M, 1992. Duration of larval development of Simulium yahense (Diptera: Simuliidae) under natural conditions. J. Med. Entomol. 29 :108–110.
-
13
Barbiero KV, Trpis M, 1986. The engorgement ratio of S. yahense (Diptera: Culicidae) at the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. J. Med. Entomol. 23 :309–312.
-
14
Davis JR, Wasserman S, Trpis M, 1994. Diurnal biting activity and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus (Filariata: Onchocercidae) by Simulium yahense (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Liberia. J. Med. Entomol. 31 :217–224.
-
15
Barbiero KV, 1982. Transmission dynamics of onchocerciasis on the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. Ph.D. thesis, The Johns Hopkins University.
-
16
Garms R, 1983. Studies of the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by species of the Simulium damnosum complex occurring in Liberia. Zeitschrift für angewandte Zoologie 70 :101–117.
-
17
Fryauff DJ, Trpis M, 1987. Quantitative studies of onchocerciasis transmission by Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli in the Firestone Rubber Plantation at Harbel, Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36 :561–572.
-
18
Boakye DA, 1993. A pictorial guide to the chromosomal identification of members of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex in West Africa with particular reference to the Onchocerciasis Control Programme Area. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 44 :223–244.
-
19
Boakye DA, Fiasorgbo GK, Bougsere BK, Naniogu S, 1999. The cytotaxonomy of Simulium sanctipauli sensu stricto (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Ghana and the Côte d’Ivoire. Bull. Entomol. Res. 89 :25–33.
-
20
Dung PT, Peterson BW, 1980. Pictorial keys to the main species and species groups within the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex occurring in West Africa (Diptera: Simuliidae). Tropenmed. Parasitol. 31 :117–120.
-
21
Garms R, Zillmann U, 1984. Morphological identification of Simulium sanctipauli and S. yahense in Liberia and comparison of results with those of enzyme electrophoresis. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 35 :217–220.
-
22
Quillévéré D, 1975. Etude du complexe Simulium damnosum en Afrique de l’Ouest I. Technique d’étude. Identification des cytotypes. Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 13 :85–98.
-
23
Meredith SEO, Cheke RA, Garms R, 1983. Variation and distribution of forms of Simulium soubrense and S. sansctipauli in West Africa. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 77 :627–640.
-
24
Post RJ, 1986. The cytotaxonomy of Simulium sanctipauli and Simulium soubrense (Diptera: Simuliidae). Genetica 69 :191–207.
-
25
Quillévéré D, Pendriez B, 1975. Etude du complexe Simuliu damnosum en Afrique de l’Ouest II. Répartition géographique des cytotypes en Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie. 13 :165–172.
-
26
Boakye DA, Post RJ, Mosha FW, Surtees DP, Baker RHA, 1993. Cytotaxonomic revision of the Simulium sanctipauli subcomplex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Guinea and the adjacent countries including descriptions of two new species. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83 :171–186.
-
27
Garms R, 1987. Infection rates and parasitic loads of Onchocerca volvulus, and other filariae, in Simulium sanctipauli s.l. and S. yahense in a rain-forest area of Liberia. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38 :201–204.
-
28
Kashan A, Garms R, 1987. Cytotaxonomy of the Simulium sanctipauli sub-complex in Liberia. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38 :289–293.
-
29
Güzelhan C, Garms R, 1987. Cytotaxonomy of the Farmington form of Simulium soubrense in Liberia. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 38 :354.
-
30
Mayr E, 1970. Populations, Species, and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 143 | 112 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 119 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 7 | 0 |