- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Effects of deforestation on outdoor and indoor temperature and relative humidity.
- Effects of deforestation on mosquito survivorship.
- Effects of deforestation on mosquito fecundity.
- Effects of deforestation on mosquito net reproductive rate and intrinsic growth rate.
- Effect of deforestation on vectorial capacity.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Lyimo EO, Takken W, 1993. Effects of adult body size on fecundity and the pre-gravid rate of Anopheles gambiae females in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 7 :328–332.
-
2
Hard JJ, Bradshaw WE, Malarkey DJ, 1989. Resource- and density-dependent development in treehole mosquitoes. Oikos 54 :137–144.
-
3
Su T, Mulla MS, 2001. Effects of temperature on development, mortality, mating and blood feeding behavior of Culiseta incidens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 26 :83–92.
-
4
Bradshaw WE, Fujiyama S, Holzapfel CM, 2000. Adaptation to the thermal climate of North America by the pitcherplant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 81 :1262–1272.
-
5
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
6
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. B World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
7
Omar SA, Adagu IS, Gump DW, Ndaru NP, Warhurst DC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya: high prevalence of drug-resistance-associated polymorphisms in hospital admissions with severe malaria in an epidemic area. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :661–669.
-
8
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
9
Loevinsohn ME, 1994. Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda. Lancet 343 :714–718.
-
10
Martens P, Kovats RS, Nijhof S, de Vries P, Livermore MTJ, Bradley DJ, Cox J, McMichae AJ, 1999. Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria. Global Environ Chang 9 :89–107.
-
11
Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA, 2000. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. B World Health Organ 78 :1136–1147.
-
12
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2004. Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 :2375–2380.
-
13
Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :253–255.
-
14
Bodker R, Kisinza W, Malima R, Msangeni H, Lindsay SW, 2000. Resurgence of malaria in the Usambara mountains, Tanzania, an epidemic of drug-resistant parasites. Global Change Human Health 1 :134–153.
-
15
Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH, 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 106 :S55–S75.
-
16
Minakawa N, Munga S, Atieli F, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Spatial distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western Kenyan highlands: effects of land cover types and topography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :157–165.
-
17
Matola YG, White GB, Magayuka SA, 1987. The changed pattern of malaria endemicity and transmission at Amani in the eastern Usambara mountains, north-eastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90 :127–134.
-
18
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
19
Brooks TM, Pimm SL, Oyugi JO, 1999. Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13 :1140–1150.
-
20
FAO, 1993. Forest Resources Assessment, 1990: Tropical Countries. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Forestry.
-
21
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Yan G, 2005. Relationships between occurrence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and size and stability of larval habitats. J Med Entomol 42 :295–300.
-
22
Kramer MG, Templeton AR, 2001. Life-history changes that accompany the transition from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction in Drosophila mercatorum. Evolution 55 :748–761.
-
23
Promislow DEL, Tatar M, Khazaeli AA, Curtsinger JW, 1996. Age-specific patterns of genetic variance in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Mortality. Genetics 143 :839–848.
-
26
Costero AEJD, Clark GG, Scott TW, 1998. Life tables study of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico fed only on human blood versus blood plus sugar. J Med Entomol 35 :809–813.
-
27
Ndenga B, Githeko AK, Omukunda E, Munyekenye OG, Atieli H, Wamae P, Mbogo C, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Yan G, 2006. Population dynamics of malaria vectors in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 43 :200–206.
-
28
Afrane YA, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Effects of microclimatic changes due to land use and land cover on the duration of gonotrophic cycles of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 42 :974–980.
-
29
Martens P, 1998. Health & Climate Change: Modeling the Impacts of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion. London: Earthscan Publications.
-
30
Skinner WR, Majorowicz JA, 1999. Regional climatic warming and associated twentieth century land-cover changes in north western North America. Clim Res 12 :39–52.
-
31
Bounoua L, DeFries R, Collatz GJ, Sellers P, Khan H, 2002. Effects of land cover conversion on surface climate. Climatic Change 52 :29–64.
-
32
Partridge L, Prowse N, 1997. The effects of reproduction on longevity and fertility in male Drosophila melanogaster. J Insect Physiol 43 :501–512.
-
33
Novoseltsev VN, Novoseltseva JA, Boyko SI, Yashin AI, 2003. What fecundity patterns indicate about aging and longevity: insights from Drosophila studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 :484–494.
-
34
Lindsay SW, Parson L, Thomas CJ, 1998. Mapping the ranges and relative abundance of the two principal African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis, using climate data. Proc Roy Soc Lond B Bio 265 :847– 854.
-
35
Morgan D, Walters KFA, Aegerter JN, 2001. Effect of temperature and cultivar on pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: aphididae) life history. Bull Entomol Res 91 :47–52.
-
36
Bayhan E, Ölmez-Bayhan S, Ulusoy MR, Brown JK, 2005. Effect of temperature on the biology of Aphis punicae (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on pomegranate. J Environ Entomol 34 :22–26.
-
37
Okech BA, Gouagna LC, Killeen GF, Knols BG, Kabiru EW, Beier JC, Yan G, Githure JI, 2003. Influence of sugar availability and indoor microclimate on survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under semifield conditions in western Kenya. J Med Entomol 40 :657–663.
-
38
Takken W, Charlwood JD, Billingsley PF, Gort G, 1998. Dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestues and A. gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy season in southeast Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res 88 :561–566.
-
39
Gary REJ, Foster WA, 2001. Effects of available sugar on the reproductive fitness and vectorial capacity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 38 :22–28.
-
40
Tuno N, Okeka W, Minakawa N, Takagi M, Yan G, 2005. Survivorship of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in western Kenya highland forest. J Med Entomol 42 :270–277.
-
41
Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Barrack OJ, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2006. Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :69–75.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 368 | 276 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 354 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 156 | 18 | 2 |
EFFECTS OF MICROCLIMATIC CHANGES CAUSED BY DEFORESTATION ON THE SURVIVORSHIP AND REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE IN WESTERN KENYA HIGHLANDS
YAW A. AFRANE
YAW A. AFRANE
Climate and Human Health Research Unit, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
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GOUFA ZHOU
GOUFA ZHOU
Climate and Human Health Research Unit, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
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BERNARD W. LAWSON
BERNARD W. LAWSON
Climate and Human Health Research Unit, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
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ANDREW K. GITHEKO
ANDREW K. GITHEKO
Climate and Human Health Research Unit, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
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GUIYUN YAN
GUIYUN YAN
Climate and Human Health Research Unit, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
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Land use changes have been suggested as one of the causes for malaria epidemics in the African highlands. This study investigated the effects of deforestation-induced changes in indoor temperature on the survivorship and reproductive fitness of Anopheles gambiae in an epidemic prone area in the western Kenya highlands. We found that the mean indoor temperatures of houses located in the deforested area were 1.2°C higher than in houses located in the forested area during the dry season and 0.7°C higher during the rainy season. The mosquito mortality rate was highly age-dependent regardless of study site or season. Mosquitoes that were placed in houses in the deforested area showed a 64.8–79.5% higher fecundity than those in houses located in the forested area, but the median survival time was reduced by 5–7 days. Female mosquitoes in the deforested area showed a 38.5–40.6% increase in net reproductive rate and an 11.6–42.9% increase in intrinsic growth rate than those in the forested area. Significant increases in net reproductive rate and intrinsic growth rate for mosquitoes in the deforested area suggest that deforestation enhances mosquito reproductive fitness, increasing mosquito population growth potential in the western Kenya highlands. The vectorial capacity of An. gambiae under study was estimated at least 106% and 29% higher in the deforested area than in the forested area in dry and rainy seasons, respectively.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Effects of deforestation on outdoor and indoor temperature and relative humidity.
- Effects of deforestation on mosquito survivorship.
- Effects of deforestation on mosquito fecundity.
- Effects of deforestation on mosquito net reproductive rate and intrinsic growth rate.
- Effect of deforestation on vectorial capacity.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Lyimo EO, Takken W, 1993. Effects of adult body size on fecundity and the pre-gravid rate of Anopheles gambiae females in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 7 :328–332.
-
2
Hard JJ, Bradshaw WE, Malarkey DJ, 1989. Resource- and density-dependent development in treehole mosquitoes. Oikos 54 :137–144.
-
3
Su T, Mulla MS, 2001. Effects of temperature on development, mortality, mating and blood feeding behavior of Culiseta incidens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 26 :83–92.
-
4
Bradshaw WE, Fujiyama S, Holzapfel CM, 2000. Adaptation to the thermal climate of North America by the pitcherplant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 81 :1262–1272.
-
5
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
6
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. B World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
7
Omar SA, Adagu IS, Gump DW, Ndaru NP, Warhurst DC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya: high prevalence of drug-resistance-associated polymorphisms in hospital admissions with severe malaria in an epidemic area. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :661–669.
-
8
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
9
Loevinsohn ME, 1994. Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda. Lancet 343 :714–718.
-
10
Martens P, Kovats RS, Nijhof S, de Vries P, Livermore MTJ, Bradley DJ, Cox J, McMichae AJ, 1999. Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria. Global Environ Chang 9 :89–107.
-
11
Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA, 2000. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. B World Health Organ 78 :1136–1147.
-
12
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2004. Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 :2375–2380.
-
13
Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :253–255.
-
14
Bodker R, Kisinza W, Malima R, Msangeni H, Lindsay SW, 2000. Resurgence of malaria in the Usambara mountains, Tanzania, an epidemic of drug-resistant parasites. Global Change Human Health 1 :134–153.
-
15
Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH, 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 106 :S55–S75.
-
16
Minakawa N, Munga S, Atieli F, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Spatial distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western Kenyan highlands: effects of land cover types and topography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :157–165.
-
17
Matola YG, White GB, Magayuka SA, 1987. The changed pattern of malaria endemicity and transmission at Amani in the eastern Usambara mountains, north-eastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90 :127–134.
-
18
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
19
Brooks TM, Pimm SL, Oyugi JO, 1999. Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13 :1140–1150.
-
20
FAO, 1993. Forest Resources Assessment, 1990: Tropical Countries. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Forestry.
-
21
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Yan G, 2005. Relationships between occurrence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and size and stability of larval habitats. J Med Entomol 42 :295–300.
-
22
Kramer MG, Templeton AR, 2001. Life-history changes that accompany the transition from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction in Drosophila mercatorum. Evolution 55 :748–761.
-
23
Promislow DEL, Tatar M, Khazaeli AA, Curtsinger JW, 1996. Age-specific patterns of genetic variance in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Mortality. Genetics 143 :839–848.
-
26
Costero AEJD, Clark GG, Scott TW, 1998. Life tables study of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico fed only on human blood versus blood plus sugar. J Med Entomol 35 :809–813.
-
27
Ndenga B, Githeko AK, Omukunda E, Munyekenye OG, Atieli H, Wamae P, Mbogo C, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Yan G, 2006. Population dynamics of malaria vectors in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 43 :200–206.
-
28
Afrane YA, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Effects of microclimatic changes due to land use and land cover on the duration of gonotrophic cycles of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 42 :974–980.
-
29
Martens P, 1998. Health & Climate Change: Modeling the Impacts of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion. London: Earthscan Publications.
-
30
Skinner WR, Majorowicz JA, 1999. Regional climatic warming and associated twentieth century land-cover changes in north western North America. Clim Res 12 :39–52.
-
31
Bounoua L, DeFries R, Collatz GJ, Sellers P, Khan H, 2002. Effects of land cover conversion on surface climate. Climatic Change 52 :29–64.
-
32
Partridge L, Prowse N, 1997. The effects of reproduction on longevity and fertility in male Drosophila melanogaster. J Insect Physiol 43 :501–512.
-
33
Novoseltsev VN, Novoseltseva JA, Boyko SI, Yashin AI, 2003. What fecundity patterns indicate about aging and longevity: insights from Drosophila studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 :484–494.
-
34
Lindsay SW, Parson L, Thomas CJ, 1998. Mapping the ranges and relative abundance of the two principal African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis, using climate data. Proc Roy Soc Lond B Bio 265 :847– 854.
-
35
Morgan D, Walters KFA, Aegerter JN, 2001. Effect of temperature and cultivar on pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: aphididae) life history. Bull Entomol Res 91 :47–52.
-
36
Bayhan E, Ölmez-Bayhan S, Ulusoy MR, Brown JK, 2005. Effect of temperature on the biology of Aphis punicae (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on pomegranate. J Environ Entomol 34 :22–26.
-
37
Okech BA, Gouagna LC, Killeen GF, Knols BG, Kabiru EW, Beier JC, Yan G, Githure JI, 2003. Influence of sugar availability and indoor microclimate on survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under semifield conditions in western Kenya. J Med Entomol 40 :657–663.
-
38
Takken W, Charlwood JD, Billingsley PF, Gort G, 1998. Dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestues and A. gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy season in southeast Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res 88 :561–566.
-
39
Gary REJ, Foster WA, 2001. Effects of available sugar on the reproductive fitness and vectorial capacity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 38 :22–28.
-
40
Tuno N, Okeka W, Minakawa N, Takagi M, Yan G, 2005. Survivorship of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in western Kenya highland forest. J Med Entomol 42 :270–277.
-
41
Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Barrack OJ, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2006. Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :69–75.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 368 | 276 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 354 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 156 | 18 | 2 |