ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T, 2002. Malaria in 2002. Nature 415 :670–672.
-
2
Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, Carlton JM, Pain A, Nelson KE, Bowman S, Paulsen IT, James K, Eisen JA, Rutherford K, Salzberg SL, Craig A, Kyes S, Chan MS, Nene V, Shallom SJ, Suh B, Peterson J, Angiuoli S, Pertea M, Allen J, Selengut J, Haft D, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Martin DM, Fairlamb AH, Fraunholz MJ, Roos DS, Ralph SA, McFadden GI, Cummings LM, Subramanian GM, Mungall C, Venter JC, Carucci DJ, Hoffman SL, Newbold C, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Barrell B, 2002. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 419 :498–511.
-
3
Richie TL, Saul A, 2002. Progress and challenges for malaria vaccines. Nature 419 :694–701.
-
4
Shortt HE, Garnham PCC, 1948. Pre-erythrocytic stage in mammalian malaria parasites. Nature 161 :126.
-
5
Krotoski WA, Collins WE, Broderson JR, McWilson W, Krotoski DM, 1981. The 48-hour exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :31–37.
-
6
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PH, Hess F, Meuwissen JH, 1981. An ultrastructural study of developing stages of exo-erythrocytic Plasmodium berghei in rat hepatocytes. Parasitology 82 :195–204.
-
7
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PHK, Sinden RE, Meuwissen JH, 1983. Malaria parasites: discovery of the early liver form. Nature 302 :424–426.
-
8
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PH, Meuwissen JH, 1985. Transformation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei into exoerythrocytic forms in the liver of its mammalian host. Tissue Res 241 :353–360.
-
9
Millet P, Anderson P, Collins WE, 1994. In vitro cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of the simian malaria parasites Plasmodium fieldi and Plamsodium simiovale in rhesus monkey hepatocytes. J Parasitol 80 :384–388.
-
10
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PH, Meuwissen JH, 1983. An ultra-structural study in the role of Kupffer cells in the process of infection by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in rats. Parasitology 86 :231–242.
-
11
Pradel G, Frevert U, 2001. Malaria sporozoites actively enter and pass through rat Kupffer cells prior to hepatocyte invasion. Hepatology 33 :1154–1165.
-
12
Pradel G, Garapaty S, Frevert U, 2002. Proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoites targeting to the liver. Mol Microbiol 45 :637–651.
-
13
Garnham PCC, 1988. Malaria parasites of man: life cycles and morphology. Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds. Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. Oxford, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone, 61–96.
-
14
Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg J, Most H, Orton C, 1967. Protective immunity produced by the injection of X-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Nature 216 :160–162.
-
15
Hollingdale MR, Leef JL, McCullough M, Beaudoin RL, 1981. In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei from sporozoites. Science 213 :1021–1022.
-
16
Hollingdale MR, Leland P, Leef JL, Leef MF, Beaudoin RL, 1983. Serological reactivity of in vitro cultured exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei in indirect immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase antibody tests. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :24–30.
-
17
Hollingdale MR, Leland P, Leef JL, Schwartz AL, 1983. Entry of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites into cultured cells, and their transformation into trophozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :685–690.
-
18
Hollingdale MR, Leland P, Schwartz AL, 1983. In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei in a hepatoma cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :682–684.
-
19
Calvo-Calle JM, Moreno A, Eling WM, Nardin EH, 1994. In vitro development of infectious liver stages of P. yoelii and P. berghei in human cell lines. Exp Parasitol 79 :362–373.
-
20
Long GW, Leath S, Schuman R, Hollingdale MR, Ballou WR, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, 1989. Cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes and continuous mouse cell lines. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol 25 :857–862.
-
21
Mazier D, Landau I, Druilhe P, Miltgen F, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Baccam D, Baxter J, Chigot J-P, Gentilini M, 1984. Cultivation of the liver forms of Plasmodium vivax in human hepatocytes. Nature 307 :367–369.
-
22
Mazier D, Beaudoin RL, Mellouk S, Druilhe P, Texier B, Trosper J, Miltgen F, Landau I, Paul C, Brandicourt O, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Langlois P, 1985. Complete development of hepatic stages of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Science 227 :440–442.
-
23
Mazier D, Collins WE, Mellouk S, Procell PM, Berbiguier N, Campbell GH, Miltgen F, Bertolotti R, Langlois P, Gentilinni M, 1987. Plasmodium ovale: in vitro development of hepatic stages. Exp Parasitol 64 :393–400.
-
24
Millet P, Fisk TL, Collins WE, Broderson JR, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1988. Cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, and P. inui in Macaca mulatta hepatocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :529–534.
-
25
Fisk T, Millet P, Collins WE, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1989. In vitro activity of antimalaria compounds on the exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :235–239.
-
26
Millet P, Collins WE, Monken CE, Brown BG, 1990. In vitro maturation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium knowlesi observed under phase contrast microscopy. J Parasitol 76 :923–925.
-
27
Millet P, Nelson C, Galland GG, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Collins WE, 1994. Plasmodium ovale: Observation of the parasite development in Saimiri monkey hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro in contrast with its inability to induce parasitemia. Exp Parasitol 78 :394–399.
-
28
Hollingdale MR, Collins WE, Campbell CC, Schwartz AL, 1985. In vitro culture of two populations (dividing and nondividing) of exoerythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :216–222.
-
29
Hollingdale MR, Collins WE, Campbell CC, 1986. In vitro culture of exoerythrocytic parasites of the North Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax in hepatoma cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :275–276.
-
30
Luo S, Liu D, Ye B, Shu H, Fu R, 1994. In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium vivax (southern China isolate). Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 12 :81–84.
-
31
Hollingdale MR, Nardin EH, Tharavanij S, Schwartz AL, Nussenzweig RS, 1984. Inhibition of entry of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites into cultured cells: An in vitro assay of protective antibodies. J Immunol 132 :909–913.
-
32
Karnasuta C, Pavanand K, Chantakulkij S, Luttiwongsakorn N, Rassamesoraj M, Laohathai K, Webster HK, Watt G, 1995. Complete development of the liver stage of Plasmodium falciparum in a human hepatoma cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :607–611.
-
33
Kono Y, Yang S, Letarte M, Roberts EA, 1995. Establishment of a human hepatocyte line derived from primary culture in a collagen gel sandwich culture system. Exp Cell Res 221 :478–485.
-
34
Roulston D, Le Beau MM, 1997. Cytogenetic analysis of hematologic malignant diseases. Barch MJ, Knutsen T, Spurbeck JL, eds. The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual. Third edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 356–357.
-
35
Mitelman F, 1995. An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Basel, S. Karger.
-
36
Harlow E, Lane D, 1999. Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
-
37
Bradford MM, 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72 :248–254.
-
38
Sattabongkot J, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Eikarat N, Khuntirat B, Sirichaisinthop J, Burge R, Coleman RE, 2003. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate the infectiousness of Plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :529–535.
-
39
Roberts EA, Letarte M, Squire J, Young S, 1994. Characterization of human hepatocyte lines derived from normal liver tissue. Hepatology 19 :1390–1399.
-
40
Krotoski WA, Collins WE, Bray RS, Garnham PC, Cogswell FB, Gwadz RW, Killick-Kendrick R, Wolf R, Sinden R, Koontz LC, Stanfill PS, 1982. Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1291–1293.
-
41
Kaiser K, Camargo N, Kappe SH, 2003. Transformation of sporozoites into early exoerythrocytic malaria parasites does not require host cells. J Exp Med 197 :1045–1050.
-
42
Smith JE, Meis JFGM, Ponnudurai T, Verhave JP, Moshage HJ, 1984. In vitro culture of exoerythrocytic form of Plasmodium falciparum in adult human hepatocytes. Lancet 2 :757–758.
-
43
Shu H, Luo S, Liu D, Fu R, 1995. Observation on hypnozoite of different isolates of Plasmodium vivax in cultured materials. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 13 :185–188.
-
44
Murphy JR, Baqar S, Davis JR, Herrington DA, Clyde DF, 1989. Evidence for a 6.5-day minimum exoerythrocytic cycle for Plasmodium falciparum in humans and confirmation that immunization with a synthetic peptide representative of a region of the circumsporozoite protein retards infection. J Clin Microbiol 27 :1434–1437.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 404 | 259 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 172 | 22 | 3 |
ESTABLISHMENT OF A HUMAN HEPATOCYTE LINE THAT SUPPORTS IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES OF THE MALARIA PARASITES PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AND P. VIVAX
JETSUMON SATTABONGKOT
JETSUMON SATTABONGKOT
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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NONGNUCH YIMAMNUAYCHOKE
NONGNUCH YIMAMNUAYCHOKE
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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SURASAK LEELAUDOMLIPI
SURASAK LEELAUDOMLIPI
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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MANEERAT RASAMEESORAJ
MANEERAT RASAMEESORAJ
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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RACHANEEPORN JENWITHISUK
RACHANEEPORN JENWITHISUK
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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RUSSELL E. COLEMAN
RUSSELL E. COLEMAN
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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RACHANEE UDOMSANGPETCH
RACHANEE UDOMSANGPETCH
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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LIWANG CUI
LIWANG CUI
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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THOMAS G. BREWER
THOMAS G. BREWER
Department of Entomology, and Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Our understanding of the biology of malaria parasite liver stages is limited because of the lack of efficient in vitro systems that support the exo-erythrocytic (EE) development of the parasite. We report the development of a new hepatocyte line (HC-04) from normal human liver cells. The HC-04 cells have proliferated in hormone-free medium for more than 200 passages. The cells were hyperdiploid, resembled liver parenchymal cells, and synthesized major liver-specific proteins and enzymes. Using Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites harvested from salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, we showed that HC-04 cells supported the complete EE development of these two most prevalent human malaria parasites. The EE parasites attained full maturation as shown by their infectivity to human erythrocytes. The infection rates of the liver cells were estimated to be 0.066% and 0.041% for P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. As the first human hepatocyte line known to support complete EE development of both P. falciparum and P. vivax, HC-04 will provide an experimental model that can be used for studying the biology of liver stage malaria parasites.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T, 2002. Malaria in 2002. Nature 415 :670–672.
-
2
Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, Carlton JM, Pain A, Nelson KE, Bowman S, Paulsen IT, James K, Eisen JA, Rutherford K, Salzberg SL, Craig A, Kyes S, Chan MS, Nene V, Shallom SJ, Suh B, Peterson J, Angiuoli S, Pertea M, Allen J, Selengut J, Haft D, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Martin DM, Fairlamb AH, Fraunholz MJ, Roos DS, Ralph SA, McFadden GI, Cummings LM, Subramanian GM, Mungall C, Venter JC, Carucci DJ, Hoffman SL, Newbold C, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Barrell B, 2002. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 419 :498–511.
-
3
Richie TL, Saul A, 2002. Progress and challenges for malaria vaccines. Nature 419 :694–701.
-
4
Shortt HE, Garnham PCC, 1948. Pre-erythrocytic stage in mammalian malaria parasites. Nature 161 :126.
-
5
Krotoski WA, Collins WE, Broderson JR, McWilson W, Krotoski DM, 1981. The 48-hour exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :31–37.
-
6
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PH, Hess F, Meuwissen JH, 1981. An ultrastructural study of developing stages of exo-erythrocytic Plasmodium berghei in rat hepatocytes. Parasitology 82 :195–204.
-
7
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PHK, Sinden RE, Meuwissen JH, 1983. Malaria parasites: discovery of the early liver form. Nature 302 :424–426.
-
8
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PH, Meuwissen JH, 1985. Transformation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei into exoerythrocytic forms in the liver of its mammalian host. Tissue Res 241 :353–360.
-
9
Millet P, Anderson P, Collins WE, 1994. In vitro cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of the simian malaria parasites Plasmodium fieldi and Plamsodium simiovale in rhesus monkey hepatocytes. J Parasitol 80 :384–388.
-
10
Meis JF, Verhave JP, Jap PH, Meuwissen JH, 1983. An ultra-structural study in the role of Kupffer cells in the process of infection by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in rats. Parasitology 86 :231–242.
-
11
Pradel G, Frevert U, 2001. Malaria sporozoites actively enter and pass through rat Kupffer cells prior to hepatocyte invasion. Hepatology 33 :1154–1165.
-
12
Pradel G, Garapaty S, Frevert U, 2002. Proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoites targeting to the liver. Mol Microbiol 45 :637–651.
-
13
Garnham PCC, 1988. Malaria parasites of man: life cycles and morphology. Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds. Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. Oxford, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone, 61–96.
-
14
Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg J, Most H, Orton C, 1967. Protective immunity produced by the injection of X-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Nature 216 :160–162.
-
15
Hollingdale MR, Leef JL, McCullough M, Beaudoin RL, 1981. In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei from sporozoites. Science 213 :1021–1022.
-
16
Hollingdale MR, Leland P, Leef JL, Leef MF, Beaudoin RL, 1983. Serological reactivity of in vitro cultured exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei in indirect immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase antibody tests. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :24–30.
-
17
Hollingdale MR, Leland P, Leef JL, Schwartz AL, 1983. Entry of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites into cultured cells, and their transformation into trophozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :685–690.
-
18
Hollingdale MR, Leland P, Schwartz AL, 1983. In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei in a hepatoma cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :682–684.
-
19
Calvo-Calle JM, Moreno A, Eling WM, Nardin EH, 1994. In vitro development of infectious liver stages of P. yoelii and P. berghei in human cell lines. Exp Parasitol 79 :362–373.
-
20
Long GW, Leath S, Schuman R, Hollingdale MR, Ballou WR, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, 1989. Cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes and continuous mouse cell lines. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol 25 :857–862.
-
21
Mazier D, Landau I, Druilhe P, Miltgen F, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Baccam D, Baxter J, Chigot J-P, Gentilini M, 1984. Cultivation of the liver forms of Plasmodium vivax in human hepatocytes. Nature 307 :367–369.
-
22
Mazier D, Beaudoin RL, Mellouk S, Druilhe P, Texier B, Trosper J, Miltgen F, Landau I, Paul C, Brandicourt O, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Langlois P, 1985. Complete development of hepatic stages of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Science 227 :440–442.
-
23
Mazier D, Collins WE, Mellouk S, Procell PM, Berbiguier N, Campbell GH, Miltgen F, Bertolotti R, Langlois P, Gentilinni M, 1987. Plasmodium ovale: in vitro development of hepatic stages. Exp Parasitol 64 :393–400.
-
24
Millet P, Fisk TL, Collins WE, Broderson JR, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1988. Cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, and P. inui in Macaca mulatta hepatocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :529–534.
-
25
Fisk T, Millet P, Collins WE, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1989. In vitro activity of antimalaria compounds on the exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :235–239.
-
26
Millet P, Collins WE, Monken CE, Brown BG, 1990. In vitro maturation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium knowlesi observed under phase contrast microscopy. J Parasitol 76 :923–925.
-
27
Millet P, Nelson C, Galland GG, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Collins WE, 1994. Plasmodium ovale: Observation of the parasite development in Saimiri monkey hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro in contrast with its inability to induce parasitemia. Exp Parasitol 78 :394–399.
-
28
Hollingdale MR, Collins WE, Campbell CC, Schwartz AL, 1985. In vitro culture of two populations (dividing and nondividing) of exoerythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :216–222.
-
29
Hollingdale MR, Collins WE, Campbell CC, 1986. In vitro culture of exoerythrocytic parasites of the North Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax in hepatoma cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :275–276.
-
30
Luo S, Liu D, Ye B, Shu H, Fu R, 1994. In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium vivax (southern China isolate). Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 12 :81–84.
-
31
Hollingdale MR, Nardin EH, Tharavanij S, Schwartz AL, Nussenzweig RS, 1984. Inhibition of entry of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites into cultured cells: An in vitro assay of protective antibodies. J Immunol 132 :909–913.
-
32
Karnasuta C, Pavanand K, Chantakulkij S, Luttiwongsakorn N, Rassamesoraj M, Laohathai K, Webster HK, Watt G, 1995. Complete development of the liver stage of Plasmodium falciparum in a human hepatoma cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :607–611.
-
33
Kono Y, Yang S, Letarte M, Roberts EA, 1995. Establishment of a human hepatocyte line derived from primary culture in a collagen gel sandwich culture system. Exp Cell Res 221 :478–485.
-
34
Roulston D, Le Beau MM, 1997. Cytogenetic analysis of hematologic malignant diseases. Barch MJ, Knutsen T, Spurbeck JL, eds. The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual. Third edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 356–357.
-
35
Mitelman F, 1995. An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Basel, S. Karger.
-
36
Harlow E, Lane D, 1999. Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
-
37
Bradford MM, 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72 :248–254.
-
38
Sattabongkot J, Maneechai N, Phunkitchar V, Eikarat N, Khuntirat B, Sirichaisinthop J, Burge R, Coleman RE, 2003. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate the infectiousness of Plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :529–535.
-
39
Roberts EA, Letarte M, Squire J, Young S, 1994. Characterization of human hepatocyte lines derived from normal liver tissue. Hepatology 19 :1390–1399.
-
40
Krotoski WA, Collins WE, Bray RS, Garnham PC, Cogswell FB, Gwadz RW, Killick-Kendrick R, Wolf R, Sinden R, Koontz LC, Stanfill PS, 1982. Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1291–1293.
-
41
Kaiser K, Camargo N, Kappe SH, 2003. Transformation of sporozoites into early exoerythrocytic malaria parasites does not require host cells. J Exp Med 197 :1045–1050.
-
42
Smith JE, Meis JFGM, Ponnudurai T, Verhave JP, Moshage HJ, 1984. In vitro culture of exoerythrocytic form of Plasmodium falciparum in adult human hepatocytes. Lancet 2 :757–758.
-
43
Shu H, Luo S, Liu D, Fu R, 1995. Observation on hypnozoite of different isolates of Plasmodium vivax in cultured materials. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 13 :185–188.
-
44
Murphy JR, Baqar S, Davis JR, Herrington DA, Clyde DF, 1989. Evidence for a 6.5-day minimum exoerythrocytic cycle for Plasmodium falciparum in humans and confirmation that immunization with a synthetic peptide representative of a region of the circumsporozoite protein retards infection. J Clin Microbiol 27 :1434–1437.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 404 | 259 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 172 | 22 | 3 |