PARASITEMIA, ANEMIA, AND MALARIAL ANEMIA IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN IN A RURAL HOLOENDEMIC PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TRANSMISSION AREA

JOHN MICHAEL ONG’ECHA University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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CHRISTOPHER C. KELLER University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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TOM WERE University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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COLLINS OUMA University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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RICHARD O. OTIENO University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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ZACHARY LANDIS-LEWIS University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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DANIEL OCHIEL University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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JAMIE L. SLINGLUFF University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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STEPHEN MOGERE University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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GEORGE A. OGONJI University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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ALLOYS S. ORAGO University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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JOHN M. VULULE University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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SANDRA S. KAPLAN University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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RICHARD D. DAY University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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DOUGLAS J. PERKINS University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Siaya District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Siaya, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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Malarial anemia (MA) is a multifactorial disease for which the complex etiological basis is only partially defined. The association of clinical, nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors with parasitemia, anemia, and MA was determined for children presenting at a hospital in a holoendemic area of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in western Kenya. Parasitemia was not associated with malaria disease severity. In univariate logistic regression, fever was significantly associated with parasitemia, and wasting was associated with increased presentation of MA. Caretaker’s level of education and occupation were significantly correlated with parasitemia, anemia, and MA. Housing structure was also significantly associated with parasitemia and anemia. Bed net use was protective against parasitemia but not anemia or MA. Multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that fever, mother’s occupation, and bed net use were associated with parasitemia. In the current study, none of the factors were associated with anemia or MA in the multivariate models.

Author Notes

Reprint requests: Douglas J. Perkins, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 603 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
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