- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Aedes aegypti pupae per type of container.
- Alternate ways of classifying the containers.
- Cluster analysis of containers.
- Variability in pupal production among premises.
- Temporal variation in Ae. aegypti female pupae.
- Larval, Breteau, and positive-container counts as indicators of what types of containers had the most pupae of Ae. aegypti.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1
Focks DA, Chadee DD, 1997. Pupal survey: an epidemiologically significant surveillance method for Aedes aegypti: an example using data from Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :159–167.
-
2
Focks DA, 2003. A Review of Entomological Sampling Methods and Indicators for Dengue Vectors. Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), UNICEF, UNDP, World Bank, World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/pdf/dengue_vectors.pdf
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3
Focks DA, Brenner RJ, Hayes J, Daniels E, 2000. Transmission thresholds for dengue in terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :11–18.
-
4
Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, 1995. Understanding productivity, a key to Aedes aegypti surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :595–601.
-
5
Krebs CJ, 2002. Programs for Ecological Methodology. Second edition. New York: Exeter Software.
-
6
Lee D, Moore CG, 1973. Mosquito studies during an interepidemic outbreak of Dengue in Puerto Rico. Mosq News 33 :506–509.
-
7
Little EL, Wadsworth FH, 1989. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook No. 249, Second edition.
-
8
Little EL, Woodbury RO, Wadsworth FH, 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second volume. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook No. 449.
-
9
Belkin JN, Heinemann SJ, 1975. Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America.” Mosq Syst 7 :269–296.
-
10
Belkin JN, Heinemann SJ, Page WA, 1970. The Culicidae of Jamaica (Mosquito studies XXI). Contrib Am Entomol Inst 6 :1–458.
-
11
Lane J, 1953. Neotropical Culicidae. Volumes 1 and 2. Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo University Press.
-
12
Rioux JA, Jarry D, Cousserans J, Gabinaud A, Corre JJ, 1985. Première mention de Culex (Culex) habilitator Dyar et Knab, 1906 en Guadalupe. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 60 :499–502.
-
13
Theobald FV, 1903. Two new Jamaican Culicidae. The Entomologist 36 :281–283.
-
14
Tulloch GS, 1937. The mosquitoes of Puerto Rico. J Agric Univ Puerto Rico 21 :137–159.
-
15
Krebs CJ, 1999. Ecological Methodology. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
-
16
Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, 1995a. The premise condition index: a tool for streamlining surveys of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :591–594.
-
17
Espinoza F, Hernandez CM, Cardenas RC, 2001. Factores que modifican los índices larvarios de Aedes aegypti en Colima, México. Rev Panam Salud Publica 10 :6–12.
-
18
Reuben R, Das PK, Samuel GD, Brooks GD, 1978. Estimation of daily emergence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sonepat, India. J Med Entomol 14 :705–714.
-
19
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. London: Chapman and Hall.
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USE OF THE PUPAL SURVEY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) PRODUCTIVITY IN PUERTO RICO
ROBERTO BARRERA
ROBERTO BARRERA
Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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MANUEL AMADOR
MANUEL AMADOR
Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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GARY G. CLARK
GARY G. CLARK
Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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The hypothesis tested was that most pupae of Aedes aegypti are produced in a few types of containers so that vector control efforts could concentrate on eliminating the most productive ones and thus prevent dengue outbreaks. Pupal surveys were conducted twice in 2004 in an urban area in southern Puerto Rico. A total 35,030 immature mosquitoes (III and IV instars, pupae) was counted in 1,367 containers found with water in 624 premises during the first survey. Only pupae were counted in the second survey in 829 premises, 257 of which had containers with water, and 124 contained Ae. aegypti pupae (15%, 22% in the first survey). We found fewer (583) containers with water than in the first survey, but 202 had pupae (35%; 18.5% in first survey). Containers yielded 3,189 Ae. aegypti pupae, which was slightly fewer than those found in the first survey (3,388 pupae). The hypothesis was supported by the data, showing that 7 of 18 types of containers contained 80% of all female pupae. The most productive containers generally were also common. We used several criteria (i.e., container use, two-step cluster analysis based on environmental variables of containers and premises) to classify the containers and premises and to evaluate pupal distribution at various spatial scales (container, premise, and residences versus public areas). Most pupae were in 4 of 10 types of container usage categories. The cluster technique showed that most pupae were in unattended, rain-filled containers in the yards, particularly in receptacles in the shade of trees that received rainfall through foliage and had lower water temperatures. Pupal counts were adjusted to a negative binomial distribution, confirming their highly aggregated dispersal pattern. Cluster analysis showed that 61.3% of female pupae were in 40 (6.4%) of 624 premises that had in common their larger yards, number of trees, and container water volume. Using number of Ae. aegypti larvae, Breteau Index, or the presence of immature forms as indicators of pupal productivity is not as efficient in identifying the most productive types of containers as direct pupal counts.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Aedes aegypti pupae per type of container.
- Alternate ways of classifying the containers.
- Cluster analysis of containers.
- Variability in pupal production among premises.
- Temporal variation in Ae. aegypti female pupae.
- Larval, Breteau, and positive-container counts as indicators of what types of containers had the most pupae of Ae. aegypti.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Focks DA, Chadee DD, 1997. Pupal survey: an epidemiologically significant surveillance method for Aedes aegypti: an example using data from Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :159–167.
-
2
Focks DA, 2003. A Review of Entomological Sampling Methods and Indicators for Dengue Vectors. Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), UNICEF, UNDP, World Bank, World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/pdf/dengue_vectors.pdf
-
3
Focks DA, Brenner RJ, Hayes J, Daniels E, 2000. Transmission thresholds for dengue in terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :11–18.
-
4
Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, 1995. Understanding productivity, a key to Aedes aegypti surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :595–601.
-
5
Krebs CJ, 2002. Programs for Ecological Methodology. Second edition. New York: Exeter Software.
-
6
Lee D, Moore CG, 1973. Mosquito studies during an interepidemic outbreak of Dengue in Puerto Rico. Mosq News 33 :506–509.
-
7
Little EL, Wadsworth FH, 1989. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook No. 249, Second edition.
-
8
Little EL, Woodbury RO, Wadsworth FH, 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second volume. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook No. 449.
-
9
Belkin JN, Heinemann SJ, 1975. Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America.” Mosq Syst 7 :269–296.
-
10
Belkin JN, Heinemann SJ, Page WA, 1970. The Culicidae of Jamaica (Mosquito studies XXI). Contrib Am Entomol Inst 6 :1–458.
-
11
Lane J, 1953. Neotropical Culicidae. Volumes 1 and 2. Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo University Press.
-
12
Rioux JA, Jarry D, Cousserans J, Gabinaud A, Corre JJ, 1985. Première mention de Culex (Culex) habilitator Dyar et Knab, 1906 en Guadalupe. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 60 :499–502.
-
13
Theobald FV, 1903. Two new Jamaican Culicidae. The Entomologist 36 :281–283.
-
14
Tulloch GS, 1937. The mosquitoes of Puerto Rico. J Agric Univ Puerto Rico 21 :137–159.
-
15
Krebs CJ, 1999. Ecological Methodology. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
-
16
Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, 1995a. The premise condition index: a tool for streamlining surveys of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :591–594.
-
17
Espinoza F, Hernandez CM, Cardenas RC, 2001. Factores que modifican los índices larvarios de Aedes aegypti en Colima, México. Rev Panam Salud Publica 10 :6–12.
-
18
Reuben R, Das PK, Samuel GD, Brooks GD, 1978. Estimation of daily emergence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sonepat, India. J Med Entomol 14 :705–714.
-
19
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. London: Chapman and Hall.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1266 | 1162 | 227 |
| Full Text Views | 343 | 16 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 105 | 10 | 0 |