Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Whitmore TC, 1997. Tropical forest disturbance, disappearance, and species loss. Laurence WL, Bierregaard RO Jr, eds. Tropical Forest Remnants. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 3–12.
-
2
Nyamwange M, 1995. Population growth and development: the Kenyan experience. Scand J Dev Altern 14 :149–160.
-
3
Brooks TM, Pimm SL, Oyugi JO, 1999. Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biol 13 :1140–1150.
-
4
Mouchet J, Carnevale P, 1997. Impact of changes in the environment on vector-transmitted diseases. Sante 7 :263–269.
-
5
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
6
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D, 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :121–130.
-
7
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
8
Patz JA, Graczyk TK, Geller N, Vittor AY, 2000. Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol 30 :1395–1405.
-
9
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G, 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 18 :301–305.
-
10
Minakawa N, Munga S, Atieli F, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Spatial distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western Kenyan highlands: effects of land cover types and topography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :157–165.
-
11
Gillies MT, de Meillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara No. 54. Johannesburg: The South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
12
Minakawa N, Mutero CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G, 1999. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :1010–1016.
-
13
Minakawa N, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G, 2001. Anopheline mosquito survival strategies during the dry period in western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38 :388–392.
-
14
Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA, 2001. Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38 :282–288.
-
15
Service MW, 1971. Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bull World Health Organ 45 :169–180.
-
16
Washburn JO, 1995. Regulatory factors affecting larval mosquito populations in container and pool habitats: implications for biological control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11 :279–283.
-
17
Sunahara T, Ishizaka K, Mogi M, 2002. Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounters between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. J Vector Ecol 27 :8–20.
-
18
Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Otieno S, Kaufman MG, Vulule JM, Walker ED, 2002. Density-dependent development of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in artificial habitats. J Med Entomol 39 :162–172.
-
19
Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW, 2003. Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 93 :375–381.
-
20
Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW, 2004. Temperature-related duration of aquatic stages of the Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. Med Vet Entomol 18 :174–179.
-
21
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Re-emergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
22
Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :253–255.
-
23
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko A, Yan G, 2004. Spatial distribution pattern of malaria vector and sampling size determination in spatially heterogeneous environment: a case study in the western Kenyan highland. J Med Entomol 41 :1001–1009.
-
24
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Biology: Field Sampling Methods. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
-
25
WHO, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. No. 13: Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
26
Service MW, 1973. Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by the precipitin test. Bull Entomol Res 62 :359–369.
-
27
Service MW, 1977. Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. J Med Entomol 113 :535–545.
-
28
Karanja DM, Githeko AK, Vulule JM, 1994. Small-scale field evaluation of the monomolecular surface film ‘Arosurf MSF’ against Anopheles arabiensis Patton. Acta Trop 56 :365–369.
-
29
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara No. 55. Johannesburg: The South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
30
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :520–529.
-
31
Lemmon PE, 1956. A spherical densitometer for estimating forest overstory density. Forest Sci 2 :314–320.
-
32
Zar JH, 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
-
33
Bødker R, Akida J, Shayo D, Kisinza W, Msangeni HA, Pedersen EM, Lindsay SW, 2003. Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. J Med Entomol 40 :706–717.
-
34
Bødker R, Kisinza W, Malima R, Msangeni H, Lindsay S, 2000. Resurgence of malaria in the Usambara mountains, Tanzania, an epidemic of drug-resistant parasites. Glob Change Hum Health 1 :134–151.
-
35
Ye-Ebiyo Y, Pollack RJ, Spielman A, 2000. Enhanced development in nature of larval Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes feeding on maize pollen. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :90–93.
-
36
Ye-Ebiyo Y, Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Spielman A, 2003. Enhancement of development of larval Anopheles arabiensis by proximity to flowering maize (Zea mays) in turbid water and when crowded. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :748–752.
-
37
Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH, 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 106 (Suppl):55–75.
-
38
Norris DE, 2004. Mosquito-borne diseases as a consequence of land use change. Ecol Health 1 :19–24.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 49 | 49 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 494 | 250 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 176 | 37 | 7 |
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LAND COVER AND HABITAT PRODUCTIVITY OF MALARIA VECTORS IN WESTERN KENYAN HIGHLANDS
STEPHEN MUNGA
STEPHEN MUNGA
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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NOBORU MINAKAWA
NOBORU MINAKAWA
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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GUOFA ZHOU
GUOFA ZHOU
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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EMMANUEL MUSHINZIMANA
EMMANUEL MUSHINZIMANA
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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OKEYO-OWUOR J. BARRACK
OKEYO-OWUOR J. BARRACK
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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ANDREW K. GITHEKO
ANDREW K. GITHEKO
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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GUIYUN YAN
GUIYUN YAN
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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We examined the effects of land cover type on survivorship and productivity of Anopheles gambiae in Kakamega in the western Kenyan highlands (elevation = 1,420–1,580 meters above sea level). Under natural conditions, An. gambiae sensu lato adults emerged only from farmland habitats, with an estimated productivity of 1.82 mosquitoes/meter/week, but not from forest and swamp habitats. To determine the effects of intraspecific competition and land cover types, semi-natural larval habitats were created within three land cover types (farmland, forest, and natural swamp), and three different densities of An. gambiae sensu stricto larvae were introduced to the larval habitats. The mosquito pupation rate in farmland habitats was significantly greater than in swamp and forest habitats, and larval-to-pupal development times were significantly shorter. At higher densities, the larvae responded to increased intraspecific competition by extending their development time and emerging as smaller adults, but initial larval density showed no significant effects on pupation rate. Land cover type may affect larval survivorship and adult productivity through its effects on water temperature and nutrients in the aquatic habitats, as shown by the significantly higher water temperature in farmland habitats, enhanced pupation rates and shortened development times from the addition of food to habitats, and a significant negative correlation of the occurrence of An. gambiae larvae with canopy cover and emergent plants in natural habitats. These results suggest that deforestation and cultivation of natural swamps in the western Kenyan highland create conditions favorable for the survival of An. gambiae larvae, and consequently increase the risks of malaria transmission to the human population.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Whitmore TC, 1997. Tropical forest disturbance, disappearance, and species loss. Laurence WL, Bierregaard RO Jr, eds. Tropical Forest Remnants. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 3–12.
-
2
Nyamwange M, 1995. Population growth and development: the Kenyan experience. Scand J Dev Altern 14 :149–160.
-
3
Brooks TM, Pimm SL, Oyugi JO, 1999. Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biol 13 :1140–1150.
-
4
Mouchet J, Carnevale P, 1997. Impact of changes in the environment on vector-transmitted diseases. Sante 7 :263–269.
-
5
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
6
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D, 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :121–130.
-
7
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
8
Patz JA, Graczyk TK, Geller N, Vittor AY, 2000. Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol 30 :1395–1405.
-
9
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G, 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 18 :301–305.
-
10
Minakawa N, Munga S, Atieli F, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Spatial distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western Kenyan highlands: effects of land cover types and topography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :157–165.
-
11
Gillies MT, de Meillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara No. 54. Johannesburg: The South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
12
Minakawa N, Mutero CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G, 1999. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :1010–1016.
-
13
Minakawa N, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G, 2001. Anopheline mosquito survival strategies during the dry period in western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38 :388–392.
-
14
Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA, 2001. Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38 :282–288.
-
15
Service MW, 1971. Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bull World Health Organ 45 :169–180.
-
16
Washburn JO, 1995. Regulatory factors affecting larval mosquito populations in container and pool habitats: implications for biological control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11 :279–283.
-
17
Sunahara T, Ishizaka K, Mogi M, 2002. Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounters between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. J Vector Ecol 27 :8–20.
-
18
Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Otieno S, Kaufman MG, Vulule JM, Walker ED, 2002. Density-dependent development of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in artificial habitats. J Med Entomol 39 :162–172.
-
19
Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW, 2003. Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 93 :375–381.
-
20
Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW, 2004. Temperature-related duration of aquatic stages of the Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. Med Vet Entomol 18 :174–179.
-
21
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Re-emergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
22
Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :253–255.
-
23
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko A, Yan G, 2004. Spatial distribution pattern of malaria vector and sampling size determination in spatially heterogeneous environment: a case study in the western Kenyan highland. J Med Entomol 41 :1001–1009.
-
24
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Biology: Field Sampling Methods. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
-
25
WHO, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. No. 13: Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
26
Service MW, 1973. Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by the precipitin test. Bull Entomol Res 62 :359–369.
-
27
Service MW, 1977. Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. J Med Entomol 113 :535–545.
-
28
Karanja DM, Githeko AK, Vulule JM, 1994. Small-scale field evaluation of the monomolecular surface film ‘Arosurf MSF’ against Anopheles arabiensis Patton. Acta Trop 56 :365–369.
-
29
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara No. 55. Johannesburg: The South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
30
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :520–529.
-
31
Lemmon PE, 1956. A spherical densitometer for estimating forest overstory density. Forest Sci 2 :314–320.
-
32
Zar JH, 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
-
33
Bødker R, Akida J, Shayo D, Kisinza W, Msangeni HA, Pedersen EM, Lindsay SW, 2003. Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. J Med Entomol 40 :706–717.
-
34
Bødker R, Kisinza W, Malima R, Msangeni H, Lindsay S, 2000. Resurgence of malaria in the Usambara mountains, Tanzania, an epidemic of drug-resistant parasites. Glob Change Hum Health 1 :134–151.
-
35
Ye-Ebiyo Y, Pollack RJ, Spielman A, 2000. Enhanced development in nature of larval Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes feeding on maize pollen. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :90–93.
-
36
Ye-Ebiyo Y, Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Spielman A, 2003. Enhancement of development of larval Anopheles arabiensis by proximity to flowering maize (Zea mays) in turbid water and when crowded. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :748–752.
-
37
Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH, 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 106 (Suppl):55–75.
-
38
Norris DE, 2004. Mosquito-borne diseases as a consequence of land use change. Ecol Health 1 :19–24.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 49 | 49 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 494 | 250 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 176 | 37 | 7 |