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-
1
Guerrant RL, Carneiro-Filho BA, Dillingham RA, 2003. Cholera, diarrhea, and oral rehydration therapy: triumph and indictment. Clin Infect Dis 37 :398–405.
-
2
Guerrant RL, Kosek M, Moore S, Lorntz B, Brantley R, Lima AA, 2002. Magnitude and impact of diarrheal diseases. Arch Med Res 33 :351–355.
-
3
Hotez PJ, Remme JH, Buss P, Alleyne G, Morel C, Breman JG, 2004. Combating tropical infectious diseases: report of the Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries Project. Clin Infect Dis 38 :871–878.
-
4
Abu-Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Mourad AS, Peruski LF, Kay BA, Rao M, Churilla AM, Bourgeois AL, Mortagy AK, Kamal SM, Savarino SJ, Campbell JR, Murphy JR, Naficy A, Clemens JD, 1999. Epidemiology of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in a pediatric cohort in a periurban area of lower Egypt. J Infect Dis 179 :382–389.
-
5
Naficy AB, Abu-Elyazeed R, Holmes JL, Rao MR, Savarino SJ, Kim Y, Wierzba TF, Peruski L, Lee YJ, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Clemens JD, 1999. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Egyptian children and implications for disease control. Am J Epidemiol 150 :770–777.
-
6
Rao MR, Naficy AB, Savarino SJ, Abu-Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Peruski LF, Abdel-Messih I, Frenck R, Clemens JD, 2001. Pathogenicity and convalescent excretion of Campylobacter in rural Egyptian children. Am J Epidemiol 154 :166–173.
-
7
Wierzba TF, El-Yazeed RA, Savarino SJ, Mourad AS, Rao M, Baddour M, El-Deen AN, Naficy AB, Clemens JD, 2001. The interrelationship of malnutrition and diarrhea in a periurban area outside Alexandria, Egypt. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32 :189–196.
-
8
Rao MR, Abu-Elyazeed R, Savarino SJ, Naficy AB, Wierzba TF, Abdel-Messih I, Shaheen H, Frenck RW Jr, Svennerholm AM, Clemens JD, 2003. High disease burden of diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among rural Egyptian infants and young children. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4862–4864.
-
9
Abu-Elyazeed RR, Wierzba TF, Frenck RW Jr, Rao MR, Savarino SJ, Kamal KA, Peruski LF Jr, Abdel-Messih IA, El-Alkamy SA, Naficy AB, Clemens JD, 2004. Epidemiology of Shigella-asociated diarrhea in rural Egyptian children. American Journal of Tropical Public Health.
-
10
Farmer JJ III, 1999. Enterobacteriaceae: Introduction and identification. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 442–458.
-
11
Bopp CA, Brenner FW, Wells JG, Strockbine N, 1999. Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 459–474.
-
12
Tilson DL, 1999. Vibrio. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 497–506.
-
13
Nachamkin I, 1999. Campylobacter and Arcobacter. Murray P, ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 716–726.
-
14
Hwang MN, Ederer GM, 1975. Rapid hippurate hydrolysis method for presumptive identification of group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 1 :114–115.
-
15
Lefebvre J, Gosselin F, Ismail J, Lorange M, Lior H, Woodward D, 1995. Evaluation of commercial antisera for Shigella serogrouping. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1997–2001.
-
16
Svennerholm AM, Wiklund G, 1983. Rapid GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with visual reading for identification of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J Clin Microbiol 17 :596–600.
-
17
Svennerholm AM, Wikstrom M, Lindblad M, Holmgren J, 1986. Monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STa) and their use in a diagnostic ST ganglioside GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 24 :585–590.
-
18
Viboud GI, Binsztein N, Svennerholm AM, 1993. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against putative colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their use in an epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 31 :558–564.
-
19
World Health Organization, 1997. Workbook on Managment and Treatment of Diarrheoa. Geneva: WHO, 15–25.
-
20
Shapiro SS, Wilk MB, 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52 :591–611.
-
21
Rosner B, 1986. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Boston: Duxbury Press.
-
22
Naficy AB, Rao MR, Holmes JL, Abu-Elyazeed R, Savarino SJ, Wierzba TF, Frenck RW, Monroe SS, Glass RI, Clemens JD, 2000. Astrovirus diarrhea in Egyptian children. J Infect Dis 182 :685–690.
-
23
Zaki AM, DuPont HL, el Alamy MA, Arafat RR, Amin K, Awad MM, Bassiouni L, Imam IZ, el Malih GS, el Marsafie A, Mohieldin MS, Naguid T, Rakha MA, Sidaroe M, Wasef N, Wright CE, Wyatt RG, 1986. The detection of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea in a family cohort population in rural Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :1013–1022.
-
24
Cunliffe NA, Kilgore PE, Bresee JS, Steele AD, Luo N, Hart CA, Glass RI, 1998. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in Africa: a review to assess the need for rotavirus immunization. Bull World Health Organ 76 :525–537.
-
25
Steele AD, Peenze I, de Beer MC, Pager CT, Yeats J, Potgieter N, Ramsaroop U, Page NA, Mitchell JO, Geyer A, Bos P, Alexander JJ, 2003. Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine 21 :354–360.
-
26
Pazzaglia G, Bourgeois AL, Araby I, Mikhail I, Podgore JK, Mourad A, Riad S, Gaffar T, Ramadan AM, 1993. Campylobacter-associated diarrhoea in Egyptian infants: epidemiology and clinical manifestations of disease and high frequency of concomitant infections. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 11 :6–13.
-
27
Solomon NH, Lavie S, Tenney BL, Blaser MJ, 1982. Campylobacter enteritis presenting with convulsions. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 21 :118–119.
-
28
Lerner A, Ianco TC, Landoy Z, Schmilowitz M, Kretzer B, 1984. Seizures associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis 3 :281.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 337 | 129 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 65 | 18 | 0 |
CLINIC-BASED SURVEILLANCE FOR BACTERIAL- AND ROTAVIRUS-ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA IN EGYPTIAN CHILDREN
THOMAS F. WIERZBA
THOMAS F. WIERZBA
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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IBRAHIM ADIB ABDEL-MESSIH
IBRAHIM ADIB ABDEL-MESSIH
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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REMON ABU-ELYAZEED
REMON ABU-ELYAZEED
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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SHANNON D. PUTNAM
SHANNON D. PUTNAM
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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KARIM A. KAMAL
KARIM A. KAMAL
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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PATRICK ROZMAJZL
PATRICK ROZMAJZL
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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SALWA F. AHMED
SALWA F. AHMED
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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ABDEL FATAH
ABDEL FATAH
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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KHALED ZABEDY
KHALED ZABEDY
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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HIND I. SHAHEEN
HIND I. SHAHEEN
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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JOHN SANDERS
JOHN SANDERS
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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ROBERT FRENCK
ROBERT FRENCK
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Health and Population, Arab Republic of Egypt
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To identify enteropathogens for vaccine development, we implemented clinic-based surveillance for severe pediatric diarrhea in Egypt’s Nile River Delta. Over 2 years, a physician clinically evaluated and obtained stool samples for microbiology from patients with diarrhea and less than 6 years of age. In the first (N = 714) and second clinic (N = 561), respectively, 36% (N = 254) and 46% (N = 260) of children were infected with rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter, or Shigella. When excluding mixed rotavirus-bacterial infections, for the first and second clinic, 23% and 10% had rotavirus-associated diarrhea, and 14% and 17% had ETEC-associated diarrhea, respectively. Campylobacter-associated diarrhea was 1% and 3%, and Shigella-associated diarrhea was 2% and 1%, respectively, for the two clinics. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea peaked in late summer to early winter, while bacterial agents were prevalent during summer. Rotavirus-associated cases presented with dehydration, vomiting, and were often hospitalized. Children with Shigella- or Campylobacter-associated diarrhea reported as watery diarrhea and rarely dysentery. ETEC did not have any clinically distinct characteristics. For vaccine development and/or deployment, our study suggests that rotavirus is of principle concern, followed by ETEC, Shigella, and Campylobacter.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
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-
1
Guerrant RL, Carneiro-Filho BA, Dillingham RA, 2003. Cholera, diarrhea, and oral rehydration therapy: triumph and indictment. Clin Infect Dis 37 :398–405.
-
2
Guerrant RL, Kosek M, Moore S, Lorntz B, Brantley R, Lima AA, 2002. Magnitude and impact of diarrheal diseases. Arch Med Res 33 :351–355.
-
3
Hotez PJ, Remme JH, Buss P, Alleyne G, Morel C, Breman JG, 2004. Combating tropical infectious diseases: report of the Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries Project. Clin Infect Dis 38 :871–878.
-
4
Abu-Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Mourad AS, Peruski LF, Kay BA, Rao M, Churilla AM, Bourgeois AL, Mortagy AK, Kamal SM, Savarino SJ, Campbell JR, Murphy JR, Naficy A, Clemens JD, 1999. Epidemiology of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in a pediatric cohort in a periurban area of lower Egypt. J Infect Dis 179 :382–389.
-
5
Naficy AB, Abu-Elyazeed R, Holmes JL, Rao MR, Savarino SJ, Kim Y, Wierzba TF, Peruski L, Lee YJ, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Clemens JD, 1999. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Egyptian children and implications for disease control. Am J Epidemiol 150 :770–777.
-
6
Rao MR, Naficy AB, Savarino SJ, Abu-Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Peruski LF, Abdel-Messih I, Frenck R, Clemens JD, 2001. Pathogenicity and convalescent excretion of Campylobacter in rural Egyptian children. Am J Epidemiol 154 :166–173.
-
7
Wierzba TF, El-Yazeed RA, Savarino SJ, Mourad AS, Rao M, Baddour M, El-Deen AN, Naficy AB, Clemens JD, 2001. The interrelationship of malnutrition and diarrhea in a periurban area outside Alexandria, Egypt. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32 :189–196.
-
8
Rao MR, Abu-Elyazeed R, Savarino SJ, Naficy AB, Wierzba TF, Abdel-Messih I, Shaheen H, Frenck RW Jr, Svennerholm AM, Clemens JD, 2003. High disease burden of diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among rural Egyptian infants and young children. J Clin Microbiol 41 :4862–4864.
-
9
Abu-Elyazeed RR, Wierzba TF, Frenck RW Jr, Rao MR, Savarino SJ, Kamal KA, Peruski LF Jr, Abdel-Messih IA, El-Alkamy SA, Naficy AB, Clemens JD, 2004. Epidemiology of Shigella-asociated diarrhea in rural Egyptian children. American Journal of Tropical Public Health.
-
10
Farmer JJ III, 1999. Enterobacteriaceae: Introduction and identification. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 442–458.
-
11
Bopp CA, Brenner FW, Wells JG, Strockbine N, 1999. Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 459–474.
-
12
Tilson DL, 1999. Vibrio. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 497–506.
-
13
Nachamkin I, 1999. Campylobacter and Arcobacter. Murray P, ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 716–726.
-
14
Hwang MN, Ederer GM, 1975. Rapid hippurate hydrolysis method for presumptive identification of group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 1 :114–115.
-
15
Lefebvre J, Gosselin F, Ismail J, Lorange M, Lior H, Woodward D, 1995. Evaluation of commercial antisera for Shigella serogrouping. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1997–2001.
-
16
Svennerholm AM, Wiklund G, 1983. Rapid GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with visual reading for identification of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J Clin Microbiol 17 :596–600.
-
17
Svennerholm AM, Wikstrom M, Lindblad M, Holmgren J, 1986. Monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STa) and their use in a diagnostic ST ganglioside GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 24 :585–590.
-
18
Viboud GI, Binsztein N, Svennerholm AM, 1993. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against putative colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their use in an epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 31 :558–564.
-
19
World Health Organization, 1997. Workbook on Managment and Treatment of Diarrheoa. Geneva: WHO, 15–25.
-
20
Shapiro SS, Wilk MB, 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52 :591–611.
-
21
Rosner B, 1986. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Boston: Duxbury Press.
-
22
Naficy AB, Rao MR, Holmes JL, Abu-Elyazeed R, Savarino SJ, Wierzba TF, Frenck RW, Monroe SS, Glass RI, Clemens JD, 2000. Astrovirus diarrhea in Egyptian children. J Infect Dis 182 :685–690.
-
23
Zaki AM, DuPont HL, el Alamy MA, Arafat RR, Amin K, Awad MM, Bassiouni L, Imam IZ, el Malih GS, el Marsafie A, Mohieldin MS, Naguid T, Rakha MA, Sidaroe M, Wasef N, Wright CE, Wyatt RG, 1986. The detection of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea in a family cohort population in rural Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :1013–1022.
-
24
Cunliffe NA, Kilgore PE, Bresee JS, Steele AD, Luo N, Hart CA, Glass RI, 1998. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in Africa: a review to assess the need for rotavirus immunization. Bull World Health Organ 76 :525–537.
-
25
Steele AD, Peenze I, de Beer MC, Pager CT, Yeats J, Potgieter N, Ramsaroop U, Page NA, Mitchell JO, Geyer A, Bos P, Alexander JJ, 2003. Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine 21 :354–360.
-
26
Pazzaglia G, Bourgeois AL, Araby I, Mikhail I, Podgore JK, Mourad A, Riad S, Gaffar T, Ramadan AM, 1993. Campylobacter-associated diarrhoea in Egyptian infants: epidemiology and clinical manifestations of disease and high frequency of concomitant infections. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 11 :6–13.
-
27
Solomon NH, Lavie S, Tenney BL, Blaser MJ, 1982. Campylobacter enteritis presenting with convulsions. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 21 :118–119.
-
28
Lerner A, Ianco TC, Landoy Z, Schmilowitz M, Kretzer B, 1984. Seizures associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis 3 :281.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 337 | 129 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 65 | 18 | 0 |